Nonautistic Motor Stereotypies: Clinical Features and Longitudinal Follow-Up

Harris, Kendra; Mahone, E. Mark; Singer, Harvey S.

doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.008

Cited by 133 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Tabulated results are shown in Table I, with comparison data from the three other childhood case series. 1,11,12 Comorbidity Our high rates of SMD comorbidity with ADHD and tic disorders are not surprising in a clinical population that may be affected by referral bias. However, there were two unexpected findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A general guide to distinguishing stereotypies from tics has been provided by Gilbert. 10 There are only four case series in the literature, three in children 1,11,12 and one in adults. 13 (Their findings are summarized below.)…”

Section: List Of Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None involved objects and none were reported to occur in sleep. The descriptive categories listed are arbitrary and cannot capture the many variations: for example, while hand-flapping, many children simultaneously or occasionally engaged in complex finger patterns (four children), or pacing, running, or jumping (11). These were the only common combinations.…”

Section: Characterization Of Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereotypic movement disorder: easily missed

Fréeman

Soltanifar

Baer

2010

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Aim To expand the understanding of stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) and its differentiation from tics and autistic stereotypies.Method Forty‐two children (31 males, mean age 6y 3mo, SD 2y 8mo; 11 females, mean age 6y 7mo, SD 1y 9mo) consecutively diagnosed with SMD, without‐self‐injurious behavior, intellectual disability, sensory impairment, or an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), were assessed in a neuropsychiatry clinic. A list of probe questions on the nature of the stereotypy was administered to parents (and to children if developmentally ready). Questionnaires administered included the Stereotypy Severity Scale, Short Sensory Profile, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised, and the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire. The stereotyped movement patterns were directly observed and in some cases further documented by video recordings made by parents. The probe questions were used again on follow‐up at a mean age of 10 years 7 months (SD 4y 4mo).Results Mean age at onset was 17 months. Males exceeded females by 3:1. Family history of a pattern of SMD was reported in 13 and neuropsychiatric comorbidity in 30 (attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder in 16, tics in 18, and developmental coordination disorder in 16). Obsessive–compulsive disorder occurred in only two. The Short Sensory Profile correlated with comorbidity (p<0.001), the Stereotypy Severity Scale (p=0.009), and the Repetitive Behavior Scale (p<0.001); the last correlated with the Stereotypy Severity Scale (p=0.001). Children (but not their parents) liked their movements, which were usually associated with excitement or imaginative play. Mean length of follow‐up was 4 years 8 months (SD 2y 10mo). Of the 39 children followed for longer than 6 months, the behavior stopped or was gradually shaped so as to occur primarily privately in 25. Misdiagnosis was common: 26 were initially referred as tics, 10 as ASD, five as compulsions, and one as epilepsy. Co‐occurring facial grimacing in 15 children and vocalization in 22 contributed to diagnostic confusion.Interpretation SMD occurs in children without ASD or intellectual disability. The generally favorable clinical course is largely due to a gradual increase in private expression of the movements. Severity of the stereotypy is associated with sensory differences and psychopathology. Differentiation of SMD from tics and ASD is important to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: List Of Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereotypic movement disorder: easily missed

Fréeman

Soltanifar

Baer

2010

Develop Med Child Neuro

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“…Se considera que las estereotipias pueden ser primarias (presentes en niños sanos) o secundarias (asociadas a una enfermedad neurológica) [1][2][3][4][5]8,9,12 , tal es así, que se pueden presentar en niños con trastornos del espectro autista, retraso madurativo o retraso mental, trastornos del lenguaje y del aprendizaje 1,9,12,13 .…”

Section: Prevalencia De Estereotipias En Pacientes Sin Enfermedades Cunclassified

“…Las estereotipias son habituales de observar en niños sanos, han sido definidas como una actividad motora organizada, involuntaria, repetitiva, rítmica, no propositiva de segundos de duración, que conserva siempre un mismo patrón de amplitud y localización [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified