Noncoding RNAs and Virus and Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type I hypersensitivity reaction disease caused by inhaled allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated. Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) is an important regulator involved in gene expression and can be detected in the cytoplasm or extracellular fluid, which mainly includes microRNAs (miRNA, length 22–24 nucleotides), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA, length >200 nucleotides), and circRNAs. LncRNA and miRNA both participate in the regulation of immune function. Some respiratory viral infections can aggravate allergic rhinitis, such as a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). However, the interaction between viral infection and allergy is complex and the mechanism is still unclear. In this review, we summarized the interactions of noncoding RNAs and viruses in the occurrence and development of AR, along with the treatments focusing on the noncoding RNAs in the past five years.

LncRNA FGD5-AS1 Alleviates Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis through the miR-223-3p/COX11 Axis

“…Significant opportunities exist for advancements in both the diagnosis and treatment of AR. Recent evidence has shown that lncRNA-mRNA networks significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of AR [22] through the modulation of cellular pathways including IL-13 secretion enhancement and activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade. For example, Liu and colleagues [23] found that the decreased level of lncFOXD3-AS1 in the nasal mucosa could upregulate IL-25, IL-4, and IL-13 expressions in AR patients, thus alleviating the inflammatory response.…”

Retracted: Noncoding RNAs and Virus and Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis

“…Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”