Nonfatal Overdose Among Heroin Users in Southwestern China

Yin, Li; Qin, Guangming; Ruan, Yuhua; Qian, Han Zhu; Hao, Chun; Xie, Lian-Zhi; Chen, Kanglin; Zhang, Yafeng; Xia, Yaowen; Wu, Junlin; Lai, Shenghan; Shao, Yiming

doi:10.1080/00952990701407223

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The majority of the cohort injected heroin daily or almost daily, and approximately half the cohort also used prescription drugs which, in combination, are known to increase the risk of overdose mortality . Long‐term injecting of drugs is another recognized risk factor for overdose mortality , and the individuals in our cohort had injected on average for more than 14 years at inclusion. Furthermore, in the early years of the study OST was only available with limited access, which increased the mortality risk further .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are overdoses treated by ambulance services an opportunity for additional interventions? A prospective cohort study

Gjersing¹,

Bretteville-Jensen²

2015

Addiction

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AimsTo assess whether people who inject drugs (PWID) and who are treated for overdose by ambulance services have a greater mortality risk compared with other PWID, and to compare mortality risk within potentially critical time-periods (1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6months, 1 year, 5 years) after an overdose attendance with the mortality risk within potentially non-critical time periods (time before and/or after critical periods).Design A prospective cohort study.Setting Oslo, Norway. Conclusions Mortality risk among PWID is significantly greater in time-periods after an overdose attendance than outside these time-periods.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are overdoses treated by ambulance services an opportunity for additional interventions? A prospective cohort study

Gjersing¹,

Bretteville-Jensen²

2015

Addiction

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“…Established overdose risk factors include previous overdose (Coffin et al, 2007; Powis et al, 1999), polydrug use (Coffin et al, 2007; Green et al, 2009; Milloy et al, 2010; Powis et al, 1999), greater injection frequency, longer duration of drug use (Yin et al, 2007), abstinence due to arrest (Seal et al, 2001), incarceration (Milloy et al, 2010; Ochoa et al, 2005), detoxification or treatment (Milloy et al, 2010; Seal et al, 2001) and female gender (Powis et al, 1999). Factors associated with overdose have not been investigated in HIV-infected Russian PWID.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for recent nonfatal overdose among HIV-infected Russians who inject drugs

et al. 2014

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Overdoses and HIV infection are common among Russians who inject drugs, yet risk factors have not been studied. We analyzed baseline data of 294 participants with 30 day injection drug use from an HIV secondary prevention trial for persons reporting “heavy” alcohol use (NIAAA risky drinking definition) and risky sex in the past 6 months. The outcome was any self-reported overdose in the previous 3 months. We examined demographic, HIV-related, criminal justice, mental health, substance use and injection risk factors. Participants’ characteristics included median age 29 years, 117/294 (40%) female, and median CD4 cell count 345/μl. Over three quarters 223/294 (76%) reported a history of overdose; 47/294 (16%) reported overdose in the past 3 months. Past month injection frequency (AOR 4.77, 95%CI: 1.63-14.0 highest vs. lowest quartile; AOR 3.58, 95%CI: 1.20-10.69 second highest vs. lowest quartile) and anti-retroviral therapy at time of interview (AOR 3.96 95%CI: 1.33-11.83) were associated with 3-month overdose. Nonfatal overdose among HIV-infected Russians who inject drugs is common. Risk factors include injection frequency and anti-retroviral therapy, which warrant further study. Overdose prevention efforts are needed among HIV-infected Russians who inject drugs.

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“…Relatively few studies have explored risk factors for NFOD (Strang, 2002) and although the causes of fatal and non-fatal overdose are likely to be similar (Warner-Smith, Darke, Lynskey, & Hall, 2001), very few studies have examined NFOD among ex-prisoners. Most studies of NFOD have followed cohorts of injecting drug users (IDU), and a history of recent incarceration consistently emerges as a key risk factor (Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007; Seal et al, 2001; Yin et al, 2007). Other identified risk factors include homelessness, a history of multiple arrests and/or imprisonments, longer prison sentences, detoxification in the past year, riskier patterns of injecting such as public injecting and binge drug use, and regular or concurrent use of multiple drugs including heroin, alcohol, benzodiazepines and cocaine (Coffin et al, 2007; Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007; Seal et al, 2001; Sergeev, Karpets, Sarang, & Tikhonov, 2003; Yin et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies of NFOD have followed cohorts of injecting drug users (IDU), and a history of recent incarceration consistently emerges as a key risk factor (Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007; Seal et al, 2001; Yin et al, 2007). Other identified risk factors include homelessness, a history of multiple arrests and/or imprisonments, longer prison sentences, detoxification in the past year, riskier patterns of injecting such as public injecting and binge drug use, and regular or concurrent use of multiple drugs including heroin, alcohol, benzodiazepines and cocaine (Coffin et al, 2007; Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007; Seal et al, 2001; Sergeev, Karpets, Sarang, & Tikhonov, 2003; Yin et al, 2007). Consistent with the findings from record linkage studies, MMT appears to be protective (Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007), as does older age (Coffin et al, 2007; Kerr, Fairbairn, et al, 2007; Seal et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and risk factors for non-fatal overdose among a cohort of recently incarcerated illicit drug users

Kinner

Milloy

Wood

et al. 2012

Addictive Behaviors

109

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Background Release from prison is associated with a markedly increased risk of both fatal and non-fatal drug overdose, yet the risk factors for overdose in recently released prisoners are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify risk and protective factors for non-fatal overdose (NFOD) among a cohort of illicit drug users in Vancouver, Canada, according to recent incarceration. Methods Prospective cohort of 2515 community-recruited illicit drug users in Vancouver, Canada, followed from 1996 to 2010. We examined factors associated with NFOD in the past six months separately among those who did and did not also report incarceration in the last six months. Results One third of participants (n=829, 33.0%) reported at least one recent NFOD. Among those recently incarcerated, risk factors independently and positively associated with NFOD included daily use of heroin, benzodiazepines, cocaine or methamphetamine, binge drug use, public injecting and previous NFOD. Older age, methadone maintenance treatment and HIV seropositivity were protective against NFOD. A similar set of risk factors was identified among those who had not been incarcerated recently. Conclusions Among this cohort, and irrespective of recent incarceration, NFOD was associated with a range of modifiable risk factors including more frequent and riskier patterns of drug use. Not all ex-prisoners are at equal risk of overdose and there remains an urgent need to develop and implement evidence-based preventive interventions, targeting those with modifiable risk factors in this high risk group.

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Nonfatal Overdose Among Heroin Users in Southwestern China

Abstract: Nonfatal heroin overdoses are common among Chinese heroin users. Drug users should be encouraged to participate and remain in methadone treatment to prevent overdose and be educated about proper response to overdose to reduce risk of overdose death.

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Are overdoses treated by ambulance services an opportunity for additional interventions? A prospective cohort study

Are overdoses treated by ambulance services an opportunity for additional interventions? A prospective cohort study

Risk factors for recent nonfatal overdose among HIV-infected Russians who inject drugs

Incidence and risk factors for non-fatal overdose among a cohort of recently incarcerated illicit drug users

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