Nonionic surfactant amides as soil wetting agents

Abstract

Isomeric hydroxyethyl tertiary amides, RCONR′CH2CH2OH, where R and R′ are 7‐ 8 carbon linear or branched aliphatic groups, were oxyethylated to form polydisperse adducts containing 5‐ 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The adducts RCONR′(E.O.)xH were free of unreacted amide and contained minimum ester contaminant where R and R′ were branched. Ester content of the adducts does not change with time, but the monomer does revert to amide on standing. All series of adducts showed good wetting at intermediate chain lengths but instantaneous wetting only at short chain lengths where both R and R′ were branched. Good water solubility occurred at the intermediate chain length while maximum surface activity was found for short chain lengths corresponding to a hydrophile‐ lipophile balance of ~9. All adduct series were excellent wetting agents for cotton skeins and a burned over sandy loam. For this soil the adducts effectively promote wetting at 0.01% level.

Soil wetting agents from fatty nonionic tertiary amides: “Aromatic adducts without aminoester”

“…Substituted Alkylethanolamines. These intermediates were prepared using the same, general procedure ms descrihed for the reaction I)etween 2-ethylhexylamine and ethylene oxide (13). Elemental analyses agreed wit h theory by +_ 0.3%.…”

“…The fact that aliphatic secondary amides added E.O. without forming any aminoester led us to examine the oxyethylation of aliphatic hydroxyethyl tertiary amides (13) RCONR'CH,~CH2OH. When R and R' were linear groups, E.O.…”

“…OxyethyIation of tertiary amide. This procedure was used as previously described (13). (16) was used to determine the wetting profile of a given series of E.O.…”

Graft copolymers prepared by ethoxylation of polyamide 12 and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)

“…This is a second-order replacement (S N 2) reaction, and ric hindrance at the reactive site. 10,22 12,13 The results from the thermal characterization of the present graft copolymers are summarized in Table III. As a comparison thermal data for poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether (MPEO) samples are included.…”

“…The mary amides are also frequently ethoxylated in industrial processes, while only few reports on reaction mixture was then heated to 80ЊC for EVOH and 130ЊC for PA12, and the rector evacuethoxylation of secondary amides are found in the literature. [11][12][13] ated. A container with ethylene oxide (EO, AGA Gas Company, Sweden, 99.9%) was placed on an In the present communication, the synthesis and characterization of a number graft copolyelectronic balance and connected to the reactor via the gas inlet port in the steel top of the reactor.…”