Nonlinear free surface effects in tank draining at low gravity

Small break critical discharge: The roles of vapor and liquid entrainment in a stratified two-phase region upstream of the break

“…Studies [21][22][23][24] carried out on the vapor pull-through from the free surface of the liquid draining from a cylindrical tank through a axisymmetric drain, showed that the vapor pull-through was caused by large-amplitude deformation of the liquid surface with vortex free gas ingestion.…”

“…Experimental studies of Lubin and Hurwitz [23], showed a strong dependence on the viscosity of the lower fluid on the vapor pull-through phenomena. Subsequent theoretical analysis by Easton and Catton [24], considered the surface tension effect and the pull-through height was correlated with Froud number and Bond number, however, the effect of viscosity was neglected.…”

“…A single correlation is desirable in general, which accounts for all the data available, namely, present (UCB), KfK and INEL, for the onset of vapor pull-through. Studies on this phenomenon by Easton and Catton[24] and Lubin and Hurwitz[25] have separately shown the effects of surface tension and of viscosity. A correlation was developed in the present work which takes into account both the viscosity and surface tension effects through viscosity number N~ and Bond number Bo.…”