Nonlocal Symmetries, Explicit Solutions, and Wave Structures for the Korteweg–de Vries Equation

Abstract

From the known Lax pair of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, the Lie symmetry group method is successfully applied to find exact invariant solutions for the KdV equation with nonlocal symmetries by introducing two suitable auxiliary variables. Meanwhile, based on the prolonged system, the explicit analytic interaction solutions related to the hyperbolic and Jacobi elliptic functions are derived. Figures show the physical interaction between the cnoidal waves and a solitary wave.