“…In practice, these assumptions are unlikely to hold. Therefore, several authors have analysed the extent to which LQ-based estimates of regional input coefficients are biased (Schaffer and Chu, 1969;Smith and Morrison, 1974;Round, 1978;Harrigan et al, 1981;Willis, 1987;Harris and Liu, 1998;Tohmo, 2004;Stoeckl, 2012). Typically, the primary emphasis is on the influence of cross-hauling.…”