Nonsymmetric Myocardial Contribution to Supranormal Right Ventricular Function in the Athlete's Heart: Combined Assessment by Speckle Tracking and Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography

Abstract

Right ventricular preload exerts its maximal influence on the longitudinal lateral fibers, which is independent on potential confounders and largely induces RV supranormal function in the athlete's heart.

Left Ventricular Speckle Tracking-Derived Cardiac Strain and Cardiac Twist Mechanics in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies

“…It is well established that athletes develop enlargement of the RV, albeit in the presence of normal systolic and diastolic function as determined by conventional indices such as RV fractional area change and tricuspid plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). In view of this, few studies have attempted to define RV longitudinal regional and global strain [100–104]. Teske et al [104] demonstrated a reduced basal systolic strain rate in athletes with a dilated RV; others have demonstrated values similar to those in non-athletic controls [102].…”

Myocardial deformation in pediatric patients with mucopolysaccharidoses: A two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography study

“…Speckle tracking echocardiography was performed according to standardized procedures of our laboratory on two‐dimensional LV images in apical (long‐axis, four‐chamber, and two‐chamber) and parasternal short‐axis views (at the base, just below the mitral level; at the papillary muscle level; and at the apex, just proximal to the end‐systolic LV cavity obliteration level). Reliable recording of 2D images for STE analysis requires a frame rate ranging between 50 and 70, obtainable by recording LV cavity with the narrowest scan and at the lowest possible depth to display the left ventricle as large as possible on the screen.…”

Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Is an Independent Predictor of Right Ventricular Function: A Multimodality Study of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography

“…Real time three‐dimensional echocardiography was performed using a GE Vivid 9 V3 4V transducer (frequency of 1.7/3.3 MHz). The protocol for RT3DE imaging of the RV has been described previously . In brief, acquisition was performed using a modified apical view to enable full coverage of the entire RV.…”