“…The cluster should cover all the nodes within the coverage area, and it should be provisioned with energy efficiency, marginal communication cost, and a balanced load in the network. Clustering protocols, such as LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN, focused on energy efficiency but failed to address the coverage of all the nodes deployed in the network [ 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”