Normal anatomical and diagnostic imaging techniques of the musculotendinous structures of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) foot

Mahdy, E. A.; Raouf, Mustafa Abd El

doi:10.5455/javar.2020.g416

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In that case, joint j3-j4 digital flexion creates insufficient tendon slack to substantially shorten the leg. The distal tendons of ratite birds such as emus and ostriches are routed in sheaths ( 77 ) that permit substantial off-joint motion during digital flexion, which we also observed in cadaver dissection (Fig. 4A).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

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BirdBot achieves energy-efficient gait with minimal control using avian-inspired leg clutching

et al. 2022

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Designers of legged robots are challenged with creating mechanisms that allow energy-efficient locomotion with robust and minimalistic control. Sources of high energy costs in legged robots include the rapid loading and high forces required to support the robot’s mass during stance and the rapid cycling of the leg’s state between stance and swing phases. Here, we demonstrate an avian-inspired robot leg design, BirdBot, that challenges the reliance on rapid feedback control for joint coordination and replaces active control with intrinsic, mechanical coupling, reminiscent of a self-engaging and disengaging clutch. A spring tendon network rapidly switches the leg’s slack segments into a loadable state at touchdown, distributes load among joints, enables rapid disengagement at toe-off through elastically stored energy, and coordinates swing leg flexion. A bistable joint mediates the spring tendon network’s disengagement at the end of stance, powered by stance phase leg angle progression. We show reduced knee-flexing torque to a 10th of what is required for a nonclutching, parallel-elastic leg design with the same kinematics, whereas spring-based compliance extends the leg in stance phase. These mechanisms enable bipedal locomotion with four robot actuators under feedforward control, with high energy efficiency. The robot offers a physical model demonstration of an avian-inspired, multiarticular elastic coupling mechanism that can achieve self-stable, robust, and economic legged locomotion with simple control and no sensory feedback. The proposed design is scalable, allowing the design of large legged robots. BirdBot demonstrates a mechanism for self-engaging and disengaging parallel elastic legs that are contact-triggered by the foot’s own lever-arm action.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…( A ) The distal tendons in the emu and ostrich ratites move loosely within their sheaths at the TMP joint during digital flexion ( 77 ). ( B ) At the transition from stance to swing, j3 and j4 undergo large digital flexion, which releases the global tendon (GT) length needed to flex the ankle j2 and knee j1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BirdBot achieves energy-efficient gait with minimal control using avian-inspired leg clutching

et al. 2022

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“…This finding agrees with the reports of Madkour, Mohamed, et al (2022) in different age‐stages of Muscovy duck, El‐Mansi et al (2021) in Eurasian collared dove, and Madkour and Mohamed (2019b) in laughing dove and rock pigeon. Whilst, the proventriculus is longitudinal in starling bird (AL‐Taai & Hasan, 2020), tubular‐shaped in common Moorhen (Jassem et al, 2016), and resembles a bag in ostrich (Mahdy, 2009). On other hands, the statistical analysis revealed that the length of the proventriculus of BBWT was 42.71 ± 4.16 mm long, compared with 55.25 mm for the Muscovy duck (Madkour, Mohamed, et al, 2022), 15.4 mm for the hooded crow (Abdel Maksoud et al, 2022), and 16 mm for the falcon (Abumandour, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar observations were reported for crow (Abdel Maksoud et al, 2022), rock pigeon and laughing dove (Madkour & Mohamed, 2019b). In contrast, the proventricuar mucosa in common Moorhen (Jassem et al, 2016) is smooth and devoid of papillae, and is divided into smooth and papillated regions in ostrich (Mahdy, 2009). The proventriculus is characterized by longitudinal folds in falcon and duck (Abumandour, 2014; Madkour, Mohamed, et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histomorphology and ultrastructure of the proventriculus of the broad breasted white turkey (Meleagris gallopavo, Linnaeus 1758)

Madkour

Kandyel

2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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This study aims to examine the functional morphology of the proventriculus of the broad breasted white turkey (BBWT) (Meleagris gallopavo, Linnaeus 1758) using gross anatomy, light microscopy, gross/histomorphometric analysis, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The proventriculus was characterized internally by many elevated papillae with a mound, leafy flower, and lotus flower‐shapes. Each papilla was enclosed by concentrically organized mucosal folds with distinct or indistinct proventricular gland openings on its top. Longitudinal folds and grooves at the junction of the proventriculus with the esophagus exhibited various sized and shaped openings of esophageal glands with irregular outlines. Histologically, the surface epithelium of the proventriculus was covered by a thin layer of cuticle, particularly evident at its junction with the gizzard. The lamina epithelialis and propria, and secretory units of proventricular lobules were infiltrated by aggregations of lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles (nodules). Variably shaped glandular lobules of proventricular glands occupied the submucosa, surrounded by thin strands of smooth muscle fibers derived from muscularis mucosa. Triangular, cuboidal, or columnar‐shaped secretory oxyntico‐peptic cells lined the secretory units. Many telocytes (pyramidal or fusiform‐shaped cell bodies with lengthy telopodes) were observed in interstitial tissue. Further, two types of argyrophilic endocrine cells were identified within the glandular epithelium. The morphology of the M. gallopavo proventriculus reflects its dietary habits and behavior.

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Design and simulation analysis of a bionic ostrich robot

Chen

Wei

et al. 2022

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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Normal anatomical and diagnostic imaging techniques of the musculotendinous structures of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) foot

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

BirdBot achieves energy-efficient gait with minimal control using avian-inspired leg clutching

BirdBot achieves energy-efficient gait with minimal control using avian-inspired leg clutching

Histomorphology and ultrastructure of the proventriculus of the broad breasted white turkey (Meleagris gallopavo, Linnaeus 1758)

Design and simulation analysis of a bionic ostrich robot

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