Normal and abnormal response to sperm deposition in female dogs: A review and new hypotheses for endometritis

Rijsselaere, Tom; Campbell, Alexis J.; Moxon, Rachel; Freeman, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.013

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In bitches, a physiological post-mating uterine inflammatory response occurs. This phenomenon, close to what is observed in mares, may impact fertility by a failure of the elimination of the introduced contaminants (England et al, 2021). A study in our group has demonstrated, however, that some bitches suffering from embryonic resorption may be concerned by endometritis as a cause of pregnancy arrest (Mir et al, 2013).…”

Section: Uterine Pathologysupporting

confidence: 75%

Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species

Fontbonne

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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In the canine species, early pregnancy arrest before 30–40 days of pregnancy will induce intra‐uterine embryonic or foetal resorption, with very few clinical signs. If no genital examination by ultrasound is performed at that time, it will often remain unnoticed and the bitch will be qualified as infertile. It is only when pregnancy stops at a later stage, mostly after 40 days, that clinical signs will be seen. Expulsion of aborted foetuses or placentas may be observed, although the dam frequently eats the expelled tissues. Intra‐uterine mummification may also occur. This article reviews the causes of pregnancy termination in the bitch, both at the embryonic and the foetal stages, reported in the literature. Canine brucellosis is by far the most important disease concerned in this aspect. There is an important current concern about this disease, due to the fact that several outbreaks have been observed recently in Europe, and that it is a very contagious disease; it may be an underestimated zoonosis. Other bacterial causes of pregnancy arrest are sporadic. There is, however, a growing attention towards the microbiological content of raw food diets which are more and more popular among dog breeders and may—if badly prepared—contain abortifacient bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni or Listeria monocytogenes. The abortifacient role of endogenous vaginal bacteria and mycoplasms remains unclear and may be related to an imbalanced vaginal flora with subsequent ascending bacterial contamination of the uterus. The role of Canine Herpesvirus on abortion is controversial and probably not frequent. Other viruses have been shown experimentally to induce abortion but their natural occurrence in this respect remains unknown. The same applies to the parasite Neospora caninum which is suspected, but not proven, potentially to induce pregnancy arrest in bitches. Among non‐infectious causes, uterine pathology such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) or sub‐clinical post‐mating endometritis which can cause infertility and may also induce embryonic resorption. The role of luteal insufficiency in pregnancy arrest is probably overestimated.

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Section: Uterine Pathologysupporting

confidence: 75%

Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species

Fontbonne

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…Is possible that the in uence of P 4 on ET be different in normal than pathologic endometrium. Although several studies have been carried out on END there is no complete understanding of the etiopathogenesis of this disease (England et al 2021). A study reported that epithelial heigh, glandular diameter, and density were greater in susceptible mares than in resistant to persistent post-breeding END during estrus (Herrera et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the diestrus stages (early, middle, late) to the diagnosis of the endometrial disease in the bitch

et al. 2023

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The endometrium is the uterine layer wherein embryo implantation and development take place.Complete knowledge of the endometrium's normal histology is critical for advancing the diagnosis of subclinical endometrial diseases. Several researchers studied subclinical endometritis (END) in different species but the cause/s remain unknown. Furthermore, simple and reliable diagnostic tools are still necessary to diagnose subclinical END. In the bitch, diestrus has been selected as the stage of the reproductive cycle to perform the diagnosis of END. This work aimed to perform morphometric and cytological studies in bitches with normal endometrium (NE) and END in diestrus' stages. Forty-ve mixed-breed clinically healthy bitches, in diestrus, were used in this study. Biopsies and cytology were obtained from uterine horns, processed, and examined using a microscope. Samples from NE and END were selected, images acquired, and software for image analysis was used to measure the endometrial thickness (ET), external glandular diameter (EGD), internal glandular diameter (IGD), glandular density, and glandular cell height (CG). Signi cant differences were observed in GC height, EGD, IGD, and serum P 4 concentrations along diestrus. In END, both EGD and IGD were smaller than NE. The current study showed histomorphometric characteristics that appear to be in uenced by P 4 concentrations. In our opinion, it is relevant to consider how far the bitch had progressed into diestrus at the moment of the diagnosis of endometrial disease. Data recorded in the present study could be helpful to clarify cases of bitches with unexplained infertility or subfertility.

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“…Although the pathogenesis of mating-induced endometritis in bitches is unknown, England et al (2021) It would seem probable that cases of chronic endometritis occur where either mating-induced or postoestrous endometritis persists throughout the luteal phase and anoestrus. Presumably also when bacteria enter the uterus postpartum (and may cause metritis) it is also possible that an endometritis is established, and that such endometritis could become chronic.…”

Section: Bitch Endometritis: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endometritis has been described to be one of the leading causes of infertility in cows, mares, sows and bitches (England et al, 2021; Grahofer et al, 2020; Morris et al, 2020; Pascottini & LeBlanc, 2020). It interferes with fertility by creating suboptimal conditions for sperm transportation and storage, oocyte maturation and ovulation, zygote development, implantation, as well as embryonic and foetal growth (Gilbert, 2011).…”

Section: Importance and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review

Pascottini

Aurich

Grahofer

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Endometritis is a leading cause of sub‐ and infertility in domestic animal species. The healthy uterus is colonized by commensal bacteria, viruses and yeast/fungi that represent the nonpathogenic microbiota. A shift in the number or type of organisms accompanied by immune dysfunction, however, may trigger uterine infection and inflammation. Metritis is associated with inflammation of all uterine layers (endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium), whereas endometritis is a more superficial inflammation involving solely the endometrium. Endometritis generally occurs at two time points in domestic animal species, postpartum and postmating. Postpartum endometritis may chronically persist, either as a low‐grade disease that often manifests as a vaginal discharge but not a systemic illness (in some species termed clinical endometritis) or sometimes subclinical where features are only detected by endometrial sampling. Contamination of the uterus at the time of mating occurs by direct deposition of semen (ejaculated or artificially inseminated) into the uterus. Improper drainage of the ejaculatory fluid or an inadequate immune response may result in persistent mating‐induced endometritis. Both postpartum and postmating endometritis interferes with fertility by creating a suboptimal environment for embryo development and placentation, and chronic endometritis may have an impact on sperm survival and fertilization ability. In the postpartum animal, there may also be changes in milk production and maternal behaviour, which can affect offspring health and survival. Preventive strategies for endometritis largely depend on monitoring their known risk factors, which are sometimes specific with regard to the species. Effective, nonantibiotic therapy for endometritis is not available to date. Overall, extensive research has been performed in cattle and horses to unravel key aspects of endometritis, but in sows and bitches, the available literature is scant. Thus, the need and opportunity to investigate the condition vary considerably among domestic species and necessitate their comparative assessment. This article reviews general and comparative aspects of the diagnosis and classification, pathogenesis, preventive strategies and therapeutics of endometritis in domestic species with a specific focus on cows, mares, sows and bitches.

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Normal and abnormal response to sperm deposition in female dogs: A review and new hypotheses for endometritis

Cited by 13 publications

References 53 publications

Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species

Causes of pregnancy arrest in the canine species

The importance of the diestrus stages (early, middle, late) to the diagnosis of the endometrial disease in the bitch

General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review

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