Normal Indigenous Intestinal Flora

The human oro-gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system, consisting of oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus, which all together with the accessory digestive organs constitute the digestive system. The function of the digestive system is to break down dietary constituents into small molecules and then absorb these for subsequent distribution throughout the body. Besides digestion and carbohydrate metabolism, the indigenous microbiota has an important influence on host physiological, nutritional and immunological processes, and commensal bacteria are able to modulate the expression of host genes that regulate diverse and fundamental physiological functions. The main external factors that can affect the composition of the microbial community in generally healthy adults include major dietary changes and antibiotic therapy. Changes in some selected bacterial groups have been observed due to controlled changes to the normal diet e.g. high-protein diet, high-fat diet, prebiotics, probiotics and polyphenols. More specifically, changes in the type and quantity of non-digestible carbohydrates in the human diet influence both the metabolic products formed in the lower regions of the GI tract and the bacterial populations detected in faeces. The interactions between dietary factors, gut microbiota and host metabolism are increasingly demonstrated to be important for maintaining homeostasis and health. Therefore the aim of this review is to summarise the effect of diet, and especially dietary interventions, on the human gut microbiota. Furthermore, the most important confounding factors (methodologies used and intrinsic human factors) in relation to gut microbiota analyses are elucidated.

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“…and Lactobacillus spp. were higher in strict vegetarians as compared with people on a traditional Western diet (2,132,138,139) .…”

Section: Dietary Interventions V Habitual Dietmentioning

confidence: 91%

Human gut microbiota: does diet matter?

2014

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“…Lactobacilli are prominent members of the microbiota. Lactobacillus johnsonii (La1), formerly known as L. acidophilus (Finegold et al, 1983) is a Lactobacillus strain of human origin that has been selected because of its ability to adhere to human intestinal mucosa (Bernet et al, 1994). Human in vivo studies have proven that La1 supports the physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and stimulates the immune defense (Pfeiffer & Rosat, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

13C- and 15N-incorporation of doubly stable isotope labelled Lactobacillus johnsonii in humans

Wutzke

Oetjens

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: In the present study, Lactobacillus johnsonii (La1) doubly labelled with 15 N and 13 C (dlLa1) was used to follow the metabolic fate of orally administered dlLa1 in humans. Design: Experimental study. Setting: Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital, University of Rostock. Subjects: A total of 10 healthy adults aged 23-36 y. Intervention: The subjects received 87 mg/kg body weight viable dlLa1 and 10 g raffinose together with breakfast. Expired air samples were taken over 14 h, whereas urine and faeces were collected over 2 days. A blood sample was taken after 2 h. 13 C-and 15 N-enrichments were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (SerCon, UK) and H 2 -concentrations were measured by electrochemical detection (Stimotron, Germany). Results: The orocaecal transit time (OCTT) was reached after 3.7 h. The 13 CO 2 -exhalation amounted to 8.6% of ingested dose. The urinary excretion of 13 C and 15 N was 1.3 and 12.4% of ingested dose, respectively, whereas the faecal excretion was 39.9 and 37.6% of ingested dose, respectively. After 2 h, 13 C-and 15 N-enrichment of fibrinogen amounted to 70 and 90 ppm excess, respectively. Conclusions: In comparison to OCTT of 3.7 h, both stable isotopes appear after 30 min in breath and urine, indicating that dlLa1 is rapidly digested in the small bowel before reaching the caecum. This is confirmed by 13 C-and 15 N-enrichments of blood plasma fractions. The ingestion of dlLa1 led to an excretion of 50% of ingested dose of both stable isotopes.

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“…has been identified as a suitable probiotic because of the resistance of its spores to harsh conditions and longterm storage at ambient temperature (Sinol et al 2012;Chen et al 2013). Clostridium butyricum is a butyric acid bacterium that was isolated from soil and healthy animal and human faecal matter (Finegold et al 1983). Clostridium butyricum can produce endospores, which is critical for its capacity to survive at lower pH and relatively greater bile concentrations compared with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Kong et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus acidophilus endospores on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, microbial shedding and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers

Hossain¹,

Begum²,

Kim³

2015

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus acidophilus (tri-strain probiotics, TSP) endospores in broilers. TSP can benefit the host animal by increasing nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and altering the intestinal ecosystem in poultry. A total of 500 day-old ROSS 308 mixed sex broiler chickens with an average initial body weight (IBW) of 45 g ± 0.6 g were used in this 35-day feeding study. Broiler chickens were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments: (1) CON (antibiotic free diet), (2) ANT1 (CON + enramycin 5 ppm), (3) ANT2 (CON + avilamycin 5 ppm), (4) TSP1 (CON + 0.1% TSP), and (5) TSP2 (CON + 0.2% TSP) with five replicates per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. Broiler chickens fed on TSP diets exhibited linearly increasing body weight gain (BWG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to those on the CON diet (P < 0.05; Day 21 to Day 35 and Day 1 to Day 35, respectively). Further, dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) digestibility were improved (P < 0.05) in the TSP treatment at the end of study. The inclusion of TSP reduced (linear, P = 0.02) meat lightness (L*) compared with CON and ANT treatments. Broiler chickens fed with TSP diets had relatively higher (linear, P < 0.05) bursa weight than those fed with ANT and CON diets. The supplementation of TSP increased (P < 0.05) the ileal and caecal Lactobacillus count compared with CON and ANT diets. The ileal and caecal Escherichia coli and caecal Clostridium perfringens counts were reduced (P < 0.05) in the TSP2 group compared with the CON group. Broiler chickens fed with TSP diets exhibited increased (P < 0.05) caecal Bifidobacteria counts compared with CON and ANT diets. Excreta ammonia (NH 3 ) gas emission was lower (P < 0.05) with the TSP treatment compared with the CON treatment. In conclusion, the supplementation of TSP improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, gut health and reduced noxious gas emission in broilers.Keywords: ammonia gas emission; body weight gain; bursa weight; Escherichia coli; Lactobacillus; meat lightness List of abbreviations BWG = body weight gain, FCR = feed conversion ratio, DM = dry matter, L* = meat lightness, N = nitrogen, NH 3 = ammonia, TSP = tri-strain probiotics

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Normal Indigenous Intestinal Flora

Cited by 480 publications

References 34 publications

Human gut microbiota: does diet matter?

Human gut microbiota: does diet matter?

13C- and 15N-incorporation of doubly stable isotope labelled Lactobacillus johnsonii in humans

Effect of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus acidophilus endospores on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, microbial shedding and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers

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