Normal range for serum transaminases.

Gruber, W.; Bergmeyer, Hans Ulrich

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5789.749-d

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It was centrifuged at 2000g for 10 min at 48C to separate the serum and kept at 48C to assay the activity of serum enzymes. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined (Hansen 1966, Gruber andBergmeyer 1971). Serum urea and creatinine were determined using a standard kit.…”

Section: Animal and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar coated liposomal flavonoid: A unique formulation in combating carbontetrachloride induced hepatic oxidative damage

Mandal

Das

2005

Journal of Drug Targeting

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Rats were administered a single dose of plant origin phenolic antioxidant Quercetin (QC) in free, liposome encapsulated and galactosylated liposome encapsulated forms 2 h prior to hepatotoxic dose of carbontetrachloride (CCl4, 40% v/v in olive oil, 1 ml/kg b.wt). Among those three different forms of QC tested, only galactosylated liposomal QC provided significant protection against CCl4 induced hepatic oxidative damage. After 24 h of injection (S.C.) hepatic cells of rats were found susceptible to CCl4 induced oxidative damage and it was monitored by the increased amount of conjugated diene in hepatic membrane. The two-fold increase in conjugated diene by the induction of CCl4 was decreased upto normal level by galactosylated liposomal QC pre-treatment. Carbontetrachloride induced membrane damage in hepatic cells and it was judged by the blood serum pathological and liver tissue histopathological examination. Membrane damage by the induction of CCl4 was further evaluated by the decreased level of plasma membrane (PM) bound enzyme Na+/K+ ATPase activity and it was increased only by the pre-treatment of galactosylated liposomal QC. Carbontetrachloride induced a substantial decrease both in enzymatic and molecular endogenous antioxidant levels in hepatic cells.The depression in antioxidant system in hepatic cells was completely prevented by a single dose of galactosylated lipsosomal QC prior to CCl4 treatment. Liver uptake of QC was estimated after 2 h of the flavonoid injection (8.9 micromol/kg body weight) (free or liposomal forms) and 85% of the injected QC was found in liver in the case of galactosylated liposomal QC. Whereas only 25% of the injected dose was detected in liver when an identical amount of free QC was injected. Carbontetrachloride also induced an alteration in membrane fluidity and it was evaluated by a decrease in membrane micro-viscosity. Free QC pre-treatment resulted in no protection against CCl4 induced increase in hepatic membrane fluidity, whereas galactosylated liposomal QC exerted a significant protection against the increase. Results of this study revealed that QC in galactosylated liposome could exert a significant protection against CCl4 induced hepatocellular injury.

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Section: Animal and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar coated liposomal flavonoid: A unique formulation in combating carbontetrachloride induced hepatic oxidative damage

Mandal

Das

2005

Journal of Drug Targeting

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“…Sometimes the conversion will lead to unexpected erroneous values [2]. This problem exists independently of the choice of kinds of quantities and units.…”

Section: Catalytic Amountmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems of Quantities and Units in Enzymology

Dybkær¹

1975

Enzyme

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A knowledge of the molecular structure of an enzyme makes it possible to characterize it by different types of ‘amount’: number (of elementary entities), mass, volume, and amount of substance. Another type of amount is obtained by measuring the rate of reaction of a suitable substrate change elicited by the enzyme in a special defined assay mixture; this way of using the catalytic effect has lead international bodies to different definitions of (kind of) quantity and unit. Their problems are discussed. A coherent scheme of the most important kinds of quantities employed by the enzymologist is presented. The dangers of converting results with one type of assay method to those of another are explained.

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Targeting of Liposomal Flavonoid to Liver in Combating Hepatocellular Oxidative Damage

et al. 2002

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The efficacy of mannosylated liposome formulations with Quercetin (QC, a flavonoid antioxidant isolated from indigenous origin) has been tested in vivo against carbon tetrachloride(CCl(4))-induced liver oxidative damage in rats. Single subcutaneous injection of CCl(4) (40% v/v in olive oil; 1 ml/kg) induces the generation of toxic oxygen radicals and results in hepatocellular damage. The increased serum enzyme levels (glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase) and hepatocellular conjugated diene levels by CCl(4) induction were significantly lowered due to pretreatment with mannosylated liposomal QC (MLQ) (0.5 ml liposomal suspension containing 0.27 mg QC), whereas the same amount of free QC was found to be ineffective. In addition, the effectiveness of MLQ on CCl(4)-induced acute liver damage also was evaluated by tissue histopathological examination. Damage produced by CCl(4) in liver reverted to normal with pretreatment of MLQ.

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Normal range for serum transaminases.

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Sugar coated liposomal flavonoid: A unique formulation in combating carbontetrachloride induced hepatic oxidative damage

Sugar coated liposomal flavonoid: A unique formulation in combating carbontetrachloride induced hepatic oxidative damage

Problems of Quantities and Units in Enzymology

Targeting of Liposomal Flavonoid to Liver in Combating Hepatocellular Oxidative Damage

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