Normal vs. strike-slip faulting during rift development in East Africa: The Malawi rift

Ring, Uwe; Betzler, Christian; Delvaux, D.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1015:nvssfd>2.3.co;2

Cited by 113 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…To our best knowledge, no recent radiometric ages on the rift-related volcanism in the North Tanzanian Divergence are available from the literature. Similarly, a two-stage rifting history is also observed in the Rungwe volcanic region of the Mbeya triple junction between the Eastern and the Western Branches of the EARS Delvaux et al, 1992;Ring et al, 1992).…”

Section: The Eastern Branch Of the Ears In Tanzaniamentioning

confidence: 83%

Fault kinematics and tectonic stress in the seismically active Manyara–Dodoma Rift segment in Central Tanzania – Implications for the East African Rift

Macheyeki

Delvaux

Batist

et al. 2008

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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Section: The Eastern Branch Of the Ears In Tanzaniamentioning

confidence: 83%

Fault kinematics and tectonic stress in the seismically active Manyara–Dodoma Rift segment in Central Tanzania – Implications for the East African Rift

Macheyeki

Delvaux

Batist

et al. 2008

Journal of African Earth Sciences

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“…3): (1) Early faulting and subsidence in the area of the Albertine Rift occurred at *18-20 Ma (Abeinomugisha and Mugisha 2004;Delvaux and Barth 2010); (2) initial volcanic activity affected the Virunga Province at *12 Ma, prior or concurrent to initial faulting and subsidence of rift basins (Ebinger 1989); (3) tectonic movements at *10-8 Ma were reported for Lake Kivu and Lake Albert rift basins, accounting for the diachronous evolution; (4) first major episodes of rifting started at *8-8.5 Ma in the Albertine area with associated rift-flank uplift (Ring et al 1992;Ebinger et al 1993;Ring and Betzler 1995); (5) a second tectonic pulse and accompanied uplift affected the area of the Albertine Rift at *2-3 Ma (cp. Pickford et al 1993;Ring 2008).…”

Section: The Rwenzori Mtnsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Thermal and exhumation history of the central Rwenzori Mountains, Western Rift of the East African Rift System, Uganda

Bauer

Glasmacher

Ring

et al. 2010

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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The Rwenzori Mountains (Mtns) in west Uganda are the highest rift mountains on Earth and rise to more than 5,000 m. We apply low-temperature thermochronology (apatite fission-track (AFT) and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) analysis) for tracking the cooling history of the Rwenzori Mtns. Samples from the central and northern Rwenzoris reveal AFT ages between 195.0 (±8.4) Ma and 85.3 (±5.3) Ma, and AHe ages between 210.0 (±6.0) Ma to 24.9 (±0.5) Ma. Modelled time-temperature paths reflect a protracted cooling history with accelerated cooling in Permo-Triassic and Jurassic times, followed by a long period of constant and slow cooling, than succeeded by a renewed accelerated cooling in the Neogene. During the last 10 Ma, differentiated erosion and surface uplift affected the Rwenzori Mtns, with more pronounced uplift along the western flank. The final rock uplift of the Rwenzori Mtns that partly led to the formation of the recent topography must have been fast and in the near past (Pliocene to Pleistocene). Erosion could not compensate for the latest rock uplift, resulting in Oligocene to Miocene AHe ages.

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“…If we consider that the deformation localizes progressively towards the rift centre (e.g. Corti et al, 2003;Ring et al, 1992), then the structures of the proximal margin should be older than those of the distal one. This evolution is in accordance with the 3 step evolution of the numerical model.…”

Section: Numerical Model Vs Gulf Of Aden Analogue Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rift to break-up evolution of the Gulf of Aden: Insights from 3D numerical lithospheric-scale modelling

Brune

Autin

2013

Tectonophysics

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The Gulf of Aden displays an ideal setting to study oblique rifting since numerous structural data are available onshore and offshore. Recent surveys showed that the spatio-temporal evolution of the Gulf of Aden rift system is dominated by three fault orientations: displacement-orthogonal (WSW), rift-parallel (WNW) and a direction that is intermediate between both of them (W). The oldest parts of the rift that are exposed onshore feature displacement-orthogonal and intermediate directions, whereas the subsequently active necking zone involves mainly rift-parallel faults. The final rift phase that is recorded at the distal margin is characterised by displacement-orthogonal and intermediate azimuths. We investigate the Gulf of Aden evolution from rift initiation to breakup by means of 3D numerical experiments on lithospheric scale. We apply the finite element model SLIM3D which includes realistic elasto-visco-plastic rheology and a free surface. Despite recent advances, 3D numerical experiments still require relatively coarse resolution so that individual faults are poorly resolved. We address this issue by proposing a simple post-processing method that uses the surface stress-tensor to evaluate stress regime (extensional, strike-slip, compressional) and preferred fault azimuth. The described method is applicable to any geodynamic model and easy to introduce. Our model reproduces the observed fault pattern of the Gulf of Aden and illustrates how multiple fault directions arise from the interaction of local and far-field tectonic stresses in an evolving rift system. The numerical simulations robustly feature intermediate faults during the initial rift phase, followed by rift-parallel normal faulting at the rift flanks and strike-slip faults in the central part of the rift system. Upon break-up, displacementorthogonal as well as intermediate faults occur. This study corroborates and extends findings from previous analogue experiments of oblique rifting on lithospheric scale and allows new insights in the timing of fault successions of the Gulf of Aden and continental rifts in general.

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Normal vs. strike-slip faulting during rift development in East Africa: The Malawi rift

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

Fault kinematics and tectonic stress in the seismically active Manyara–Dodoma Rift segment in Central Tanzania – Implications for the East African Rift

Fault kinematics and tectonic stress in the seismically active Manyara–Dodoma Rift segment in Central Tanzania – Implications for the East African Rift

Thermal and exhumation history of the central Rwenzori Mountains, Western Rift of the East African Rift System, Uganda

The rift to break-up evolution of the Gulf of Aden: Insights from 3D numerical lithospheric-scale modelling

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