Normative data and percentile curves for axial length and axial length/corneal curvature in Chinese children and adolescents aged 4–18 years

He, Xiangui; Sankaridurg, Padmaja; Naduvilath, Thomas; Wang, Jingjing; Xiong, Shuyu; Weng, Rebecca; Du, Linlin; Chen, Jun; Zou, Haidong; Xu, Xun

doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319431

Cited by 41 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, we found that in patients with cbEGF-like mutations, the total corneal K1 increased with aging (r s = 0.294, p = 0.038). This differs from the overall findings for MFS patients with lens subluxation ( Chen et al, 2018a ) or healthy children ( He et al, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2021 ), indicating the specific role of cbEGF-like mutations, rather than general FBN1 mutations, in age-related corneal changes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Cysteine Substitution and Calcium-Binding Mutations in FBN1 cbEGF-Like Domains Are Associated With Severe Ocular Involvement in Patients With Congenital Ectopia Lentis

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Purpose: To investigate the clinical manifestations of congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) in patients with fibrillin (FBN1) calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (cbEGF)-like mutations.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Methods: Consecutive 68 CEL probands with FBN1 cbEGF-like mutations were recruited, mostly comprising Marfan syndrome (MFS) patients. Patients were classified into the cysteine group (n = 43), calcium (Ca2+)-binding group (n = 13) or the others (n = 12) according to their genotypes. Ocular biometrics, morbidities and visual performance were compared among different mutation groups. Linear regression was used to evaluate the risk factors for axial length (AL) elongation.Results: With age-adjustment, cysteine substitution and Ca2+-binding mutations positively contributed to AL elongation (standardized coefficient: 0.410 and 0.367, p = 0.008 and 0.017, respectively). In addition, cataract formation was more frequently detected in patients with Ca2+-binding mutations (observed n = 3, expected n = 1.0; p = 0.036). Patients with cysteine substitutions had the poorest preoperative visual acuity among the three groups (p = 0.012) and did not recover as well as other patients. More MFS diagnoses were made in patients with cysteine substitutions (observed n = 16, expected n = 12.6), while ectopia lentis syndrome was detected more often in patients with cbEGF-like mutations out of the functional regions (observed n = 6, expected n = 2.5; p = 0.023).Conclusion: Compared with patients with cbEGF-like mutations out of functional regions, patients with cysteine substitutions or Ca2+-binding mutations had longer ALs with age adjustment, poorer ocular involvement, visual performance, and systematic manifestations.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Cysteine Substitution and Calcium-Binding Mutations in FBN1 cbEGF-Like Domains Are Associated With Severe Ocular Involvement in Patients With Congenital Ectopia Lentis

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…Emmetropia is a balance between AL, corneal power and lens power (40). That means longer eyes can be compensated by less lens power or flatter corneas to keep emmetropic (41)(42)(43)(44)(45). So future studies should take lens power and corneal radius of curvature into consideration to account for their possible compensation of greater axial growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

Tao¹,

Wang

Peng

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo identify the relationship between the increase in axial length (AL) and height in school-age children and explore the influence of refractive status on such a relationship.MethodsIn this 5-year cohort study, 414 Chinese children (237 boys) aged 6–9 years (mean 7.12) underwent measurements annually. AL was measured using the Lenstar; height with the children standing, without shoes; and refraction using subjective refraction without cycloplegia. Participants were divided according to the refractive status: persistent emmetropia, persistent myopia, and newly developed myopia. The measurement time points of the persistent emmetropia and persistent myopia groups were marked as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. The time of myopia onset in the newly developed myopia group was marked as t0; the preceding time points were marked as t−1, t−2, and so on, and the succeeding as t1, t2, and so on. The association between increase in AL and height was analyzed using simple correlation analysis.ResultsThe mean changes in AL, height, and refraction were 1.39 mm, 23.60 cm, and −1.69 D, respectively, over 5 years in all children. The increase in AL and height were positively correlated for T1~T2, T1~T3, T1~T4, and T1~T5 (r = 0.262, P < 0.001; r = 0.108, P = 0.034; r = 0.165, P = 0.001; r = 0.174, P = 0.001, respectively). The changes in AL and height in the newly developed myopia group were significantly correlated (r = 0.289, P = 0.009) after myopia onset (t0~t2).ConclusionThe increase in AL and height were positively correlated, especially in the newly developed myopia group after myopia onset. Thus, when children grow quickly, AL elongation should be monitored.

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“…Therefore, cycloplegic assessment of SE is not always practical for regular eye examinations and myopia screenings. Previous studies have confirmed that axial length (AL) elongation is correlated with myopia progression 9–11 . Moreover, the measurement of AL is fast, noninvasive and accurate with variability limited to a few microns between biometry instruments, whereas the repeatability of refractive error measurements between autorefractors is around ±0.50 D 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Previous studies have confirmed that axial length (AL) elongation is correlated with myopia progression. [9][10][11] Moreover, the measurement of AL is fast, noninvasive and accurate with variability limited to a few microns between biometry instruments, whereas the repeatability of refractive error measurements between autorefractors is around ±0.50 D. 11,12 In addition, myopia in children and adolescents is primarily caused by excessive axial elongation, defined as axial myopia, 13 and this excessive AL growth is directly related to the risk of complications in the posterior pole. 14,15 Therefore, the measurement of AL is fundamental in myopia management and treatment, and AL elongation could be a potential indicator for SE progression.…”

Section: O R I G I N a L A R T I C L E Association Between Axial Leng...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between axial length elongation and spherical equivalent progression in Chinese children and adolescents

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Background It is generally believed that a 1‐mm axial length (AL) elongation of the eye corresponds to a −3.00 D spherical equivalent (SE) progression, but this is disputed. Purpose To investigate the association between AL elongation and SE progression among children and adolescents. Methods A prospective cohort study of 710 children and adolescents aged 6–16 years was included. Ophthalmic examinations, including cycloplegic SE, AL and corneal curvature, were performed at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. The ratio of SE change (ΔSE) to AL change (ΔAL) (ΔSE/ΔAL) was calculated, and its association with age and refractive status was explored using a general linear model. Results Among all participants, 396 (55.77%) were male, with 265 (37.32%) myopes at baseline. The average 1‐year ΔSE and ΔAL were 0.61 ± 0.40 D and 0.33 ± 0.22 mm, respectively. Both ΔSE and ΔAL gradually decreased with age (p < 0.001). In the general linear model analyses, age and refractive status were independently associated with ΔSE/ΔAL after adjustment for covariates (age: trueβ̂$$ \hat{\beta} $$ = 0.04, p < 0.05; myopia vs nonmyopia: trueβ̂$$ \hat{\beta} $$ = 0.28, p < 0.05). Based on the developed formula ΔSE/ΔAL = 1.74 + 0.05*age (for myopes), mean ΔSE/ΔAL in myopes increased from 2.06 D/mm in the 6‐year‐olds to 2.59 D/mm in the 16‐year‐olds. In nonmyopes, ΔSE/ΔAL = 1.33 + 0.05*age, and the ratio increased from 1.65 D/mm in the 6‐year‐olds to 2.18 D/mm in the 16‐year‐olds. Conclusions The ratio of ΔSE/ΔAL varied with age and refractive status in children and adolescents. The age‐specific ΔSE/ΔAL could be used to estimate SE progression through the actual AL change.

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Normative data and percentile curves for axial length and axial length/corneal curvature in Chinese children and adolescents aged 4–18 years

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Cysteine Substitution and Calcium-Binding Mutations in FBN1 cbEGF-Like Domains Are Associated With Severe Ocular Involvement in Patients With Congenital Ectopia Lentis

Cysteine Substitution and Calcium-Binding Mutations in FBN1 cbEGF-Like Domains Are Associated With Severe Ocular Involvement in Patients With Congenital Ectopia Lentis

Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children

Association between axial length elongation and spherical equivalent progression in Chinese children and adolescents

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