Normative penile anthropometry in term newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional prospective study

Asafo-Agyei, Serwah Bonsu; Ameyaw, Emmanuel; Chanoine, Jean‐Pierre; Nguah, Samuel Blay

doi:10.1186/s13633-017-0042-1

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The penile width in this study was positively and significantly correlated with body weight. Similar observations were made in other studies . On the contrary, Cheng and Chanoine who worked on a significantly smaller sample size found no correlation between penile width and body weight and body length.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The stretched penile length observed in the present study is longer than reported in previous African and non‐African studies . The most comparable SPL to that observed in the current study was 3.8 cm reported among Singaporean babies of Indian descent .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Different authors have used various cut‐off points such as 3rd percentile , <2 SD below the mean and <2.5 SD below the mean for the definition of micropenis. In this study, the 3rd percentile for the SPL was 32.0 mm while the 2 SD and 2.5 SD below the mean were 31.0 mm and 28.9 mm, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normative data on penile and anogenital measurements of term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria

et al. 2019

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Aim: To document normative data on penile size and anogenital distances of apparently normal term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 303 term male infants within the first 72 hours of life. Stretched penile length, penile width and three measures of anogenital distances were recorded: anogenital distance-1, anogenital distance-2 and anoscrotal distance.Results: The mean (AESD) stretched penile length and penile width were 39.4 AE 4.2 mm and 11.0 AE 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean values for anogenital distance-1, anogenital distance-2 and the anoscrotal distance were 48.7 AE 3.9 mm, 42.8 AE 4.6 mm and 25.5 AE 3.9 mm, respectively. Only penile width and anogenital distance-1 significantly correlated with all the anthropometric parameters but anogenital distance-1 had the strongest correlation (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusion:The observed mean stretched penile length was greater than previously reported. Local references are preferable in interpreting anogenital measurements in newborns to avoid diagnostic errors. There is need for a consensus on the definition of micropenis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

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Normative data on penile and anogenital measurements of term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria

et al. 2019

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“…In the present study, the relevant values for Fars term and preterm neonates with the normal variations have been determined. Moreover, most centers have measured both SPL and PC simultaneously ( 20 ); instead, a number of studies have investigated anogenital distance (AGD) that had a significant correlation with SPL, because it is another important index in the initial measurements of penis ( 10 , 21 ). A recent study in Ghana has reported penile width as an important variable while studying penile size, which is in favor of our results, although the mean value they have reported (10 mm) ( 20 ) seems higher than mean PC in term neonates of the present study (8 mm), which is much closer to the value reported from Indonesia ( 22 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nomogram of Penile Length and Circumference in Iranian Term and Preterm Neonates

et al. 2018

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Background and objectivesThe normal length of penis in preterm and term neonates is different among different nations, and is affected by various factors. The present study aimed to determine stretched penile length (SPL) values and cutoff level of micropenis in term and preterm Iranian neonates, for the first time.Materials and methodsAll male neonates born in two general hospitals of Tehran (Akbarabadi, and Rasoul hospitals), center of Iran, with gestational age of 28–42 weeks were included and their SPL and penile circumference (PC) were examined on the first 3 days after birth by the same physician. Birth weight (BW), and height, gestational age, type of delivery, mother’s age, twin/multiple pregnancy, drug, and medical history of mother during pregnancy were recorded and cutoff levels of two variables were calculated based on the collected variables for different gestational ages.ResultsAmong a total of 587 neonates, 203 neonates were born term and 384 preterm. Mean ± SD of neonates’ BW were 2,682.51 ± 739.30 (850–4800) gr. Mean ± SD of their SPL was 22.48 ± 3.34 mm; 25.92 ± 1.54 mm in term and 20.66 ± 2.50 mm in preterm infants (P = 0.001). Mean ± SD of PC was 6.71 ± 1.31 mm; 8.14 ± 0.48 in term and 5.96 ± 0.92 in preterm infants (P = 0.001). SPL and PC were significantly correlated with type of delivery, number of parity, gestational age, BW, and crown-heel length, head circumference (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggested that SPL in male neonates was 22.48 mm and PC was 6.71 mm, both correlated with gestational age and BW. Due to the ethnical variety of this cutoff points and lack of an appropriate study in Iran, these cutoff points can be used by all physicians as a reference for Iranian newborns (term and preterm), in order to prevent misdiagnosis of micropenis and genital disorders.

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“…The examination included identification of genital anomalies such as micropenis (defined as a stretched length <2.1 cm),3 clitoromegaly (defined as a clitoral length >8.6 mm),4 presence of hypospadias, labioscrotal fusion and presence of gonads in inguinal or scrotal folds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of disorders of sexual development in neonates in Ghana: prospective study

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveThe incidence of disorders of sexual development (DSD) is unknown in sub-Saharan Africa. We describe the characteristics and incidence of DSD in a cohort of infants born in Ghana.DesignTrained research assistants performed systematic genital examination at birth. All infants with suspected abnormal genitalia were further examined by a paediatric endocrinologist.SettingKomfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.PatientsConsecutive infants born in a single centre over a 1-year period (May 2014 to April 2015).Main outcome measuresIncidence of DSD. Micropenis was defined as a stretched length <2.1 cm and clitoromegaly as a clitoral length >8.6 mm.ResultsWe examined 9255 infants (93% of all live births) within 72 hours of birth. Twenty-six neonates had a DSD. Nineteen infants had DSD without genital ambiguity: isolated micropenis (n=2), hypospadias (n=7), cryptorchidism (n=4) and clitoromegaly (n=6). Seven infants had DSD with ambiguity: clitoromegaly with a uterus on ultrasound and elevated 17-hydoxyprogesterone, suggesting XX DSD due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)(n=4) and micropenis, hypospadias and gonads in a bifid scrotum or in the inguinal region, consistent with XY DSD (n=3).ConclusionThe incidence of atypical genitalia was 28/10,000 (95% CI 17/10 000 to 39/10 000) live births. The incidence of CAH was 4.3/10 000 (95% CI 1.2/10 000 to 11.1/10 000) and was strongly associated with consanguinity.

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Normative penile anthropometry in term newborns in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional prospective study

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

Normative data on penile and anogenital measurements of term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria

Normative data on penile and anogenital measurements of term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria

The Nomogram of Penile Length and Circumference in Iranian Term and Preterm Neonates

Incidence of disorders of sexual development in neonates in Ghana: prospective study

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