Normative Values for Grip and Pinch Strength for 6- to 19-Year-Olds

McQuiddy, Victoria; Scheerer, Carol R.; Lavalley, Ryan; McGrath, Tim; Li, Lin

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.018

Cited by 79 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This finding is similar to previous studies on pinch and grip strength in both children and adults. 30,31 Dianat et al 32 compared 4 types of pinch strength between males and females between 7 and 30 years and found that males showed significantly higher strength compared with females in both the dominant and nondominant sides on all 4 strength tests. McQuiddy et al 30 also found that sex is a factor influencing grip and pinch strength in children and adolescents between 6 and 19 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,31 Dianat et al 32 compared 4 types of pinch strength between males and females between 7 and 30 years and found that males showed significantly higher strength compared with females in both the dominant and nondominant sides on all 4 strength tests. McQuiddy et al 30 also found that sex is a factor influencing grip and pinch strength in children and adolescents between 6 and 19 years. Moreover, Xu et al 33 tested intrinsic hand muscle strength in children and adolescents between 4 and 16 years using the Peg Restrained Intrinsic Muscle Evaluator.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This result is inconsistent with previous studies investigating grip and pinch strength in participants from preadolescent to adolescent age and intrinsic hand muscle strength in younger children. 8,30,32,33,38 It is possible that the developmental trajectories of small intrinsic muscles are different from extrinsic muscles and lead to less increase in strength through age. Similar to our findings, Dianat et al 32 found that the pinch strength was not associated with age in participants between 16 and 30 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values of intrinsic muscle strength of the hand of adolescents and young adults

Chen

McGee

Rich

et al. 2018

Journal of Hand Therapy

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Study Design A cross-sectional clinical measurement study. Introduction Measuring intrinsic hand muscle strength helps evaluate hand function or therapeutic outcomes. However, there are no established normative values in adolescents and young adults between 13 and 20 years of age. Purpose of the Study To measure hand intrinsic muscle strength and identify associated factors that may influence such in adolescents and young adults through use of the Rotterdam intrinsic hand myometer. Methods A total of 131 participants (male: 63; female: 68) between 13 and 20 years of age completed the strength measurements of abductor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseus (FDI), deep head of FDI and lumbrical of second digit, flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), and abductor digiti minimi. Two trials of the measurements of each muscle were averaged for analyses. Self-reported demographic data were used to examine the influences of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on intrinsic hand muscle strength. Results Normative values of intrinsic hand muscle strength were presented by age groups (13, 14, 15–16, 17–18, 19–20 year olds) for each sex category (male, female). A main effect of sex, but not age, on all the muscles on both the dominant (FPB: P = .02, others: P < .001) and non-dominant (FDI: P = .005, FPB: P = .01, others: P < .001) sides was found. A significant effect of BMI was found on dominant (P = .009) and non-dominant abductor pollicis brevis (P = .002). In addition, FDI (P = .005) and FPB (P = .002) were stronger on the dominant side than the non-dominant side. Discussion Intrinsic hand muscle strength may be influenced by different factors including sex, BMI, and hand dominance. A larger sample is needed to rigorously investigate the influence of age on intrinsic strength in male and female adolescents and young adults. Conclusion The results provide reference values and suggest factors to be considered when evaluating hand function and therapeutic outcomes in both clinical and research settings. Further study is recommended. Level of Evidence VI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values of intrinsic muscle strength of the hand of adolescents and young adults

Chen

McGee

Rich

et al. 2018

Journal of Hand Therapy

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“…The 6MWT has been shown to relate to the degree of impairment in patients with chronic respiratory disease and heart failure (Solway et al 2001). While the 6MWT can distinguish patients with impaired ambulatory ability from healthy controls (Bohannon 2006;Enright and Sherrill 1998;Roig et al 2009;McQuiddy et al 2015), and is used in clinical trials to measure ambulatory ability in patients who are able to walk, it has not been demonstrated to distinguish between levels of assistance required with walking in more severely affected patients of any type metabolic disease (McDonald 2002;Phillips et al 2009). In many patients with metabolic diseases such as mitochondrial disease, Pompe disease, glycogen storage myopathies, or lysosomal storage diseases, the 6MWT cannot be performed due to the severity of underlying weakness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peak Jump Power Reflects the Degree of Ambulatory Ability in Patients with Mitochondrial and Other Rare Diseases

et al. 2016

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Metabolic diseases that lead to neuromuscular, bone, and joint involvement can reduce ambulation and quality of life. Using jumping mechanography, we developed a novel assessment, peak jump power (PJP), and related this to ambulatory ability in patients either having a known or suspected underlying rare disease. From adults and children, we recruited 88 healthy controls and 115 patients (61 with mitochondrial disease and 54 with another diagnosis). Patients were categorized as having no complaints of weakness or ambulation (ambulatory competent; AC), weakness but able to ambulate without aids (ambulatory weakness; AW), or not able to ambulate without aids such as a walker, cane, or wheelchair (ambulatory assistance; AA). Subjects were asked to perform five successive jumps from a squat position. Instantaneous power (W; watts) was calculated and the highest result was divided by the body mass (kg) to calculate PJP (W/kg). Between healthy controls and AC patients, there was no difference in mean PJP (20.5 AE 7.0 W/kg vs. 19.0 AE 7.4 W/kg, p ¼ 0.601; mean AE SD). Progressively lower results were found in patients with AW with a mean PJP of 11.7 AE 5.1 W/kg (p < 0.001 versus AC) and further those with AA with a mean PJP of 5.8 AE 3.2 W/kg (p < 0.001 versus AW). A subgroup analysis of subjects showed that those who did not use ambulatory aids all had a PJP above 10 W/kg. Using this threshold, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed PJP to be highly sensitive evaluation of ambulatory ability (sensitivity 95.8%, specificity 52.1%). Abbreviations

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“…These studies used a tendon-force-measurement system [7], force transducers [8], dynamometers [9], force gloves [10], and pinch gauges [11] to take measurements. The tendon forces from the extrinsic muscles of the hand have been measured directly by instrumenting the tendon [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Hand Function on the Angle of Holding a Smartphone

Kim¹,

Kim²

2015

Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society

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The purpose of the study is to prevent pain and malfunction of the hand by correcting the angle of holding a smartphone. Subjects comprised of 21 healthy students. This research was conducted from April 21 2014 to April 27 2014. The three groups were as follows: first group included 7 students who held the phone at an angle of 90 degrees without a sling, and second group included 7 students who held the smartphone at an angle of 90 degrees with a sling; and the third group included 7 students who held the smartphone at an angle of 120 degrees with a sling. VAS was measured through the Finkelstein Test. Also, pain rating and muscle strength were assessed four times 30 minutes before and after the experiment for one and a half hour with pinch grip, dynamometer, and visual analogue scale. Smartphone was used. In all of the measurements, period showed a significant difference (p<.05) between both sides and a significant difference was not found between the group. In the time × group, pain score and grip strength were significantly different in the right side only (p<.05). According to the results of this experiment, providing support to the hand helps to increase the hand function by reducing the stress.

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Normative Values for Grip and Pinch Strength for 6- to 19-Year-Olds

Cited by 79 publications

References 31 publications

Reference values of intrinsic muscle strength of the hand of adolescents and young adults

Reference values of intrinsic muscle strength of the hand of adolescents and young adults

Peak Jump Power Reflects the Degree of Ambulatory Ability in Patients with Mitochondrial and Other Rare Diseases

The Effects of Hand Function on the Angle of Holding a Smartphone

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