Normative Values for Near and Distance Clinical Tests of Stereoacuity

Piano, Marianne; Tidbury, Laurence P.; O’Connor, Anna

doi:10.1080/09273972.2016.1242636

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Results from previous studies of near stereoacuity in young adults are also shown. From left to right, these data are from [ 52 ](median), [ 52 ] (average), [ 51 ] (average), [ 53 ] (average), [ 54 ] (average), and [ 53 ] (median). There were no differences in distance VA ( a ), near VA ( b ), or stereoacuity ( c ) between the three samples that participated in this study (all p > 0.10) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe importance of optimal and/or superior vision for participation in high-level sports remains the subject of considerable clinical research interest. Here, we examine the vision and visual history of elite/near-elite cricketers and rugby-league players.MethodsStereoacuity (TNO), colour vision, and distance (with/without pinhole) and near visual acuity (VA) were measured in two cricket squads (elite/international-level, female, n = 16; near-elite, male, n = 23) and one professional rugby-league squad (male, n = 20). Refractive error was determined, and details of any correction worn and visual history were recorded.ResultsOverall, 63% had their last eye examination within 2 years. However, some had not had an eye examination for 5 years or had never had one (near-elite cricketers 30%; rugby-league players 15%; elite cricketers 6%). Comparing our results for all participants to published data for young, optimally corrected, non-sporting adults, distance VA was ~ 1 line of letters worse than expected. Adopting α = 0.01, the deficit in distance VA was significant, but only for elite cricketers (p < 0.001) (near-elite cricketers, p = 0.02; rugby-league players, p = 0.03). Near VA did not differ between subgroups or relative to published norms for young adults (p > 0.02 for all comparisons). On average, near stereoacuity was better than in young adults, but only in elite cricketers (p < 0.001; p = 0.03, near-elite cricketers; p = 0.47, rugby-league players). On-field visual issues were present in 27% of participants and mostly (in 75% of cases) comprised uncorrected ametropia. Some cricketers (near-elite 17.4%; elite 38%) wore refractive correction during play, but no rugby-league player did. Some individuals with prescribed correction choose not to wear it when playing.ConclusionsAside from near stereoacuity in elite cricketers, the basic visual abilities we measured were not better than equivalent, published data for optimally corrected adults; 20–25% exhibited sub-optimal vision, suggesting that the clearest possible vision might not be critical for participation at the highest levels in the sports of cricket or rugby league. Although vision could be improved in a sizeable proportion of our sample, the impact of correcting these, mostly subtle, refractive anomalies on playing performance is unknown.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0106-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

et al. 2017

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“…those featuring the use of polaroid filters, and therefore which do not create rivalrous right and left eye conditions but which, like the TNO, do not contain monocular cues). However, the TNO test is a long-established and recognised means for clinical estimation of stereoacuity [ 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in high-level football officials

et al. 2017

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Officiating in football depends, at least to some extent, upon adequate visual function. However, there is no vision standard for football officiating and the nature of the relationship between officiating performance and level of vision is unknown. As a first step in characterising this relationship, we report on the clinically-measured vision and on the perceived level of vision in elite-level, Portuguese football officials. Seventy-one referees (R) and assistant referees (AR) participated in the study, representing 92% of the total population of elite level football officials in Portugal in the 2013/2014 season. Nine of the 22 Rs (40.9%) and ten of the 49 ARs (20.4%) were international-level. Information about visual history was also gathered. Perceived vision was assessed using the preference-values-assigned-to-global-visual-status (PVVS) and the Quality-of-Vision (QoV) questionnaire. Standard clinical vision measures (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) were gathered in a subset (n = 44, 62%) of the participants. Data were analysed according to the type (R/AR) and level (international/national) of official, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to reduce the risk of type I errors. Adopting criterion for statistical significance of p<0.01, PVVS scores did not differ between R and AR (p = 0.88), or between national- and international-level officials (p = 0.66). Similarly, QoV scores did not differ between R and AR in frequency (p = 0.50), severity (p = 0.71) or bothersomeness (p = 0.81) of symptoms, or between international-level vs national-level officials for frequency (p = 0.03) or bothersomeness (p = 0.07) of symptoms. However, international-level officials reported less severe symptoms than their national-level counterparts (p<0.01). Overall, 18.3% of officials had either never had an eye examination or if they had, it was more than 3 years previously. Regarding refractive correction, 4.2% had undergone refractive surgery and 23.9% wear contact lenses when officiating. Clinical vision measures in the football officials were similar to published normative values for young, adult populations and similar between R and AR. Clinically-measured vision did not differ according to officiating level. Visual acuity measured with and without a pinhole disc indicated that around one quarter of participants may be capable of better vision when officiating, as evidenced by better acuity (≥1 line of letters) using the pinhole. Amongst the clinical visual tests we used, we did not find evidence for above-average performance in elite-level football officials. Although the impact of uncorrected mild to moderate refractive error upon officiating performance is unknown, with a greater uptake of eye examinations, visual acuity may be improved in around a quarter of officials.

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“…After successful cataract surgery in both subjects, normal binocular vision operated to fine degrees in the subject implanted with the multifocal IOL at both distance and near, with their stereopsis within normal limits. 25 The subject with the monofocal IOL showed poor near vision, only gross binocular single vision and the absence of stereopsis, which was reflected in the deteriorated NAVQ results with the monofocal IOL. This suggests that the multifocal IOL was able to complement the accommodative power of the untreated eye, whereas the monofocal IOL could not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

<p>Binocular Visual Function in a Pre-Presbyopic Patient with Uniocular Cataract Undergoing Cataract Surgery with a Multifocal Intraocular Lens</p>

Wood¹,

Jolly²,

Groppe³

et al. 2020

OPTH

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Background/Aim: An increasing number of pre-presbyopic patients are undergoing uniocular cataract extraction. We aim to compare the binocular status of subjects with uniocular cataracts, implanted either with a multifocal or a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL). Materials and Methods: Subjects were recruited from outpatient ophthalmology clinics and randomized to an IOL type. Corrected and uncorrected LogMAR distance visual acuity (VA) and near and intermediate VA using the Radner reading test were completed. The binocular tests included the Worth Four Dot Test, fixation disparity, TNO stereoacuity and foveal suppression assessment. In addition to the near activity vision questionnaire. The trial was closed early because the chosen multifocal lens had been superseded by newer models. We report two subjects, one receiving the multifocal IOL and a monofocal IOL control with the most comparable baseline characteristics. Results: Both subjects experienced uncomplicated cataract surgery, showing clinically significant improved corrected distance VA, 0.06 LogMAR and −0.16 LogMAR in the monofocal and multifocal IOL, respectively. The multifocal subject had 30 seconds of arc stereoacuity indicating normal binocular vision. Only gross binocular single vision with no stereopsis was found in the monofocal IOL subject. The latter subject also had reduced near vision quality-of-life questionnaire results. Conclusion: This two-patient case series demonstrates greater binocular near ability, with the multifocal IOL, in the pre-presbyopic patient undergoing uniocular cataract surgery. The case series highlights the need, and methodology for investigating further the functional and quality-of-life benefits of implanting multifocal IOLs in pre-presbyopic patients, those in their twenties and thirties, undergoing uniocular cataract surgery.

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Normative Values for Near and Distance Clinical Tests of Stereoacuity

Abstract: Normative values for each stereotest are identified and discussed with respect to other studies. Potential sources of variation between tests, within testing distances, are also discussed.

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

Vision in high-level football officials

<p>Binocular Visual Function in a Pre-Presbyopic Patient with Uniocular Cataract Undergoing Cataract Surgery with a Multifocal Intraocular Lens</p>

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