Normative values for the oro‐facial Esthetic Scale in Sweden

Abstract

This study reports the findings and challenges of the assessment of oro-facial aesthetics in the Swedish general population and the development of normative values for the self-reporting Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES). In a Swedish national sample of 1406 adult subjects (response rate: 47%), OES decile norms were established. The influence of sociodemographics (gender, age, and education), oral health status and general health status on OES scores was analysed. Mean ± standard deviation of OES scores was 50.3 ± 15.6 units (0, worst score; 70, best score); <1% of the subjects had the minimum score of 0, and 11% had the maximum score of 70 OES units. Orofacial Esthetic Scale score differences were (i) substantial (>5 OES units) for subjects with excellent/very good versus good to poor oral or general health status; ii) small (2 units), but statistically significant for gender (P = 0.01) and two age groups (P = 0.02), and (iii) absent for subjects with college versus no college education (P = 0.31) or with and without dentures (P = 0.90). To estimate normative values for a self-reporting health status, instrument is considered an important step in standardisation, and the developed norms provide a frame of reference in the general population to interpret the Orofacial Esthetic Scale scores.

Socioeconomic status, oral health and dental disease in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States

“…Dissatisfaction with dental appearance is associated with tooth alignment and crowding, fractures in anterior teeth, and discrepancies in tooth shade [ 34 – 36 ]. It relates respectively to orthodontic treatment, aesthetic restorations and tooth bleaching [ 34 , 35 , 37 ].…”

“…It relates respectively to orthodontic treatment, aesthetic restorations and tooth bleaching [ 34 , 35 , 37 ]. Oro-facial aesthetics and appearance have been shown to be associated with self-ratings of oral health in diverse population samples [ 36 , 38 – 41 ]. It is possible that the contemporary emphasis on dental aesthetics (such as tooth whitening) contributes to a general dissatisfaction in dental appearance and hence poorer self-rated oral health, whereas the same does not occur for general health.…”

Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES‐NL) in dental patients with and without self‐reported tooth wear

“…The OES was initially tested for application in prosthodontic patients as well as in the general population . Zhao & He developed a Chinese translation of the OES, and the developers recently published OES norm scores for application in the Swedish general population . With the addition of the OES‐NL and its proven applicability in Dutch dental patient populations with and without self‐reported tooth wear, the OES has developed into an important addition to the toolbox with self‐report instruments of the dentist.…”

Development, validity and reliability of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale — Spanish version

“…Next, OES summary scores were correlated with items of the OHRQoL Orofacial Appearance dimension [2,3]. As performed for other OES language versions [18,30] with the goal to compare our results with the literature, rank correlations between three core Orofacial Appearance indicators of OHIP or their sum on one hand and the OES-Sp summary score on the other hand were computed. These OHIP items were:…”