Novel CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles facile synthesis and their applications towards practical ammonia detection: an effect of annealing

Abstract

Cadmium ferrite (CdFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method, and the effect of annealing temperature over the prepared samples' structural, morphological, and optical properties was analyzed by varying the temperatures 700, 800, and 900 C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the prepared samples are highly crystalline in nature and belong to a cubic spinel crystal structure, and the crystallite size increases from 32 to 59 nm with respect to the increasing temperature. The surface morphology of the ferrite samples showed the uniformly distributed highly agglomerated particles with larger voids for the ferrite nanoparticles annealed at 900 C. Optical properties of the prepared CdFe2O4 samples were carried out by diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and the optical band gap of the samples were found to be 2.57, 2.55 and 2.53 eV. The Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies at room temperature showcased that the nanoparticle samples possess ferromagnetic behavior, and the magnetization (Ms), Coercivity (Hc), and Retentivity (Mr) values were found to be 27.510-3 emu/g, 237.60 Oe, and 197610-6 emu/g for the CdFe2O4 sample annealed at 900 C. The gas sensing studies were carried out with the presence of target gas ammonia, and its significant sensing parameters such as gas responsivity (S%), rise time, and recovery times were determined, and these values of CdFe2O4 samples annealed at 900 C were observed to be 1610 %, 7.1 s, and 2.2 s. Our findings strongly suggest that the CdFe2O4 samples annealed at 900 C hold significant promise as a multifunctional material, particularly in gas-sensing applications. This potential opens up an exciting avenues for further research and development.