“…However, the rare resource of metal Ru and other environmental problems will limit the further development of Ru-based DSSCs for commercialization. Therefore, in order to improve the PCE and to overcome the drawback of Ru-complex sensitizers, the organic dye sensitizers, including cyanines [ 14 – 16 ], hemicyanines [ 17 , 18 ], triarylamins [ 8 , 19 , 20 ], perylenes [ 21 – 25 ], coumarins [ 26 – 28 ], porphyrins [ 29 – 34 ], squaraines [ 35 – 37 ], indoline [ 38 , 39 ], and azulene-based dyes [ 40 ], etc. were developed because of their high molar absorption coefficient, relatively simple synthetic procedure, easily modified structures and lower cost.…”