Novel interpenetrating polymer network sulfonated poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)/polyacrylic acid proton exchange membranes for fuel cell

(Semi-)Interpenetrating polymer networks as fuel cell membranes

“…Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK) with various degrees of sulfonation has been combined, through an in situ synthesis, with a poly(acrylic acid) (AA) network [88,89]. This network Table 7 Synthesis of PAMPS-based semi-IPNs, proton conductivities, and methanol permeabilities.…”

“…The hydrolytic stability of epoxy network/polyimide semi-IPNs has also been studied at 60 • C [88]. While the polyimide network alone was only stable for 2 h in water (after which the membrane broke down or behaved as a hydrogel), the (50:50) semi-PNs remained intact for up to 220 h.…”

Electrospun nanofiber enhanced sulfonated poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composite proton exchange membranes

“…Different strategies have been proposed to improve aggregation of ionic clusters in non-fluorinated PEMs [5,6]. Block, grafted and semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPNs) are typical methods to prepare hydrophilic-hydrophobic dual phase continuous morphology [7][8][9][10]. Self-assembly induced by electric field, uniaxial prestretching and amphiprotic molecules have been reported to enhance the microphase separation and improve interconnection of proton conductive channels [11][12][13].…”

Proton conducting CS/P(AA-AMPS) membrane with reduced methanol permeability for DMFCs

“…As we know, the majority of anionic polyelectrolytes contains carboxyl (-COOH) or sulfonic (-SO 3 H) groups [10,11,17,18]. For example, Poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc), a typical anionic polyelectrolyte, is known to entail a high charge density generated by a large amount of dissociated carboxyl groups.…”