“…Rapid economic and social development often leads to the excessive consumption of fossil fuels, resulting in severe environmental pollution and ecological crises. [1][2][3] Consequently, the use of clean energy to replace traditional fossil fuels has become an inevitable trend, necessitating the development of novel energy storage devices. 4,5 Supercapacitors, known for their high energy density, fast charging and discharging capabilities, and long-term cycling stability, have been identified as reliable energy storage devices.…”