“…The deposition of chalcogenide glass films [65,66,67,68,69] can detect metal ions such as Pb 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cd 2+ and Cr 6+ . The detection of inorganic salt ions (e.g., K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Li + , NO 3 − , CO 3 2− , and SO 4 2− ) can be achieved by depositing polymer membranes carrying ionophores such as PVC membranes [53,70,71,72,73,74,75,76], silicone rubber membranes [77,78,79,80,81] and photocurable membranes [82]. Immobilization of enzymes [83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90], antibodies [23,91,92] or DNA [93,94,95,96] on the sensing layer enables the detection of biomolecules such as glucose, urea, penicillin G, antigens, immunoglobulins G (IgG) and target DNA, etc.…”