Novel targeted agents for the treatment of bladder cancer: translating laboratory advances into clinical application

Abstract

Bladder cancer is a common and frequently lethal cancer. Natural history studies indicate two distinct clinical and molecular entities corresponding to invasive and non-muscle invasive disease. The high frequency of recurrence of noninvasive bladder cancer and poor survival rate of invasive bladder cancer emphasizes the need for novel therapeutic approaches. These mechanisms of tumor development and promotion in bladder cancer are strongly associated with several growth factor pathways including the fibroblast, epidermal, and the vascular endothelial growth factor pathways. In this review, efforts to translate the growing body of basic science research of novel treatments into clinical applications will be explored.

Nrf2- and ATF4-Dependent Upregulation of xCT Modulates the Sensitivity of T24 Bladder Carcinoma Cells to Proteasome Inhibition

“…In bladder cancer treatment, many cytotoxic, anti-angiogenic, epigenetic agents have been tested in chemotherapy (16)(17)(18)(19). To increase the efficacy of anticancer drugs, it is important to understand what types of mechanisms confer chemoresistance on tumor cells.…”

“…Although approximately 70% of bladder tumors can be cured by surgical removal, approximately 60% to 70% of patients experience local or distant recurrences, and almost 20% to 30% of these relapsed tumors progress to higher grades or stages (18). In bladder cancer treatment, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) administration, radiation, and chemotherapy are often beneficial, in addition to surgical resection (17)(18)(19). In chemotherapy, the recurrent tumors occasionally became more malignant and resistant to the anticancer drugs that were initially used.…”

Water-soluble Eu(iii)-doped ZnS quantum dots for the room-temperature phosphorescence detection of melamine in milk products

“…Up to now, few conventional methods have been reported for the determination of melamine in milk products. They include electrochemical methods, 5 capillary electrophoresis (CE), [6][7][8] liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), [9][10][11][12][13] gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), [14][15][16] high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), [9][10][11][12][13][17][18][19][20] chemiluminescence methods 21 and so on. However, each of these methods has its own merits and disadvantages, for instance, some of them have high sensitivity but bad selectivity, some are inherently simple but costly, and some have low interference but require complex manipulation processes.…”

Simultaneous Activation of Kras and Inactivation of p53 Induces Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Bladder Urothelial Hyperplasia

“…Compared with other cancers, animal modeling in bladder cancer is under-developed [45]. Personalized cancer medicine, relying on targeted therapy, is emerging and aiming for a customized treatment rather than a generic disease-based approach [46]. Thus, a clinically relevant animal model is needed for the rapid evaluation of any promising treatment for bladder cancer.…”