Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Solid Tumor Based on Body’s Intrinsic Antitumor Immune System

Abstract

The accumulation of mutated somatic cells due to the incompetency of body’s immune system may lead to tumor onset. Therefore, enhancing the ability of the system to eliminate such cells should be the core of tumor therapy. The intrinsic antitumor immunity is triggered by tumor-specific antigens (TSA) or TSA-sensitized dendritic cells (DC). Once initiated, specific anti-tumor antibodies are produced and tumor-specific killer immune cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), NK cells, and macrophages, are raised or induced. Several strategies may enhance antitumor action of immune system, such as supplying tumor-targeted antibody, activating T cells, enhancing the activity and tumor recognition of NK cells, promoting tumor-targeted phagocytosis of macrophages, and eliminating the immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Treg cells. Apart from the immune system, the removal of tumor burden still needs to be assisted by drugs, surgery or radiation. And the body’s internal environment and tumor microenvironment should be improved to recover immune cell function and prevent tumor growth. Multiple microenvironment modulatory therapies may be applied, including addressing hypoxia and oxidative stress, correcting metabolic disorders, and controlling chronic inflammation. Finally, to cure tumor and prevent tumor recurrence, repairing or supporting therapy that consist of tissue repair and nutritional supplement should be applied properly.

Cochlear resident macrophage mediates development of ribbon synapses via CX3CR1/CX3CL1 axis

“…Our study also confirmed the changes in cochlear ribbon synapse morphology and number before hearing maturation. Macrophages are one of the key elements of the intrinsic immune system in mature organs, and they primarily function as an immunological defense to keep the internal environment at homeostasis ( Wynn and Vannella, 2016 ; Duan, 2018 ), and macrophages are resident immune cells in the cochlea ( Liu et al, 2018 ; He et al, 2020 ). They play a continuous monitoring role in the homeostatic environment, thus helping maintain tissue homeostasis under pathological and physiological conditions ( Ito et al, 2022 ).…”

Oncolytic Virus-Based Cytokine Expression to Improve Immune Activity in Brain and Solid Tumors

“…The hypoxic environment caused by rapid growth also produces reactive oxygen species. The oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances, in turn, promote a chronic inflammatory environment 3 . This hypoxic and chronically inflamed environment, combined with persistent antigenic stimulation in the tumor, changes T cell activity: cells previously poised for a cytotoxic response become exhausted and convert to support cells that aid in the post-cytotoxic repair response, further benefiting tumor growth.…”

CircKRT1 drives tumor progression and immune evasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR‐495‐3p to regulate PDL1 expression

“…Immunotherapy is extremely important in antitumor response and the immune system is enhanced by activating immune cells (Duan, 2018). Most invaders can be killed by the immune system of the organism but some tumor cells may maintain antigenicity and immunogenicity to evade recognition by tumor‐specific T cells, which called “immune evasion” (Beatty & Gladney, 2015).…”