Novel Thermal and Microscopic Techniques To Determine the Causes of Suboptimal Combustion Performance at Colombian Stoker Furnaces

Abstract

This study presents the application of a novel approach, using thermal and optical techniques, to identify the causes of poor burnout performance of Colombian stoker furnaces in the Cauca Valley State. The four coals used in these furnaces were characterized to obtain particle size distribution, particle and tapped density, elemental and proximate composition, mineral composition, and maceral content. Up to 80% incomplete combustion was noted in macro-TGA tests compared to complete combustion in a micro-TGA. Reflectance and intrinsic reactivity measurements were for chars prepared in three different particle sizes (<6, 6–19, and 19 mm), three temperatures (700, 900, and 1050 °C), and three residence times (10, 30, and 120 min). Two of the coals produced char samples with reflectance values above 6%, which matched those seen in the stoker, indicating that the furnace temperature was not the cause of poor combustion and that only two of the four coals were likely to be present in the furnace bottom ash. These tests were also able to prove that oxygen diffusion limitation was the root cause of the poor burnout where the carbon inside the furnace bottom ash was shielded from oxygen ingress through the formation of a nonpermeable slag layer. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of both thermal profiling and optical reflectance as a tool for forensically evaluating the thermal history and operational performance of furnaces.