Novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis

Schares, Gereon; Langenmayer, Martin C.; Scharr, J.C.; Minke, Lieselotte; Maksimov, Pavlo; Максимов, А. Ю.; Schares, Susann; Bärwald, Andrea; Basso, Walter; Dubey, J. P.; Conraths, Franz J.; Gollnick, N

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.011

Cited by 40 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…48 In brief, 3 Simmental heifers, study animals (SAs) 4, 6, and 8, acquired bovine besnoitiosis during an 84-day cohabitation trial while housed together with chronically B. besnoiti-infected cattle. After the acute and subacute phase of disease, SAs 4 and 6 developed mild chronic bovine besnoitiosis.…”

Section: B Besnoiti-infected Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SA 8 became subclinically infected only. SAs 20 and 22, two Limousin cows belonging to Herd-BbGER1, 48 became infected on summer pasture and entered the study on tds 3 and 51 in the acute stage of disease. Subsequent to the subacute stage, both animals developed a severe course of chronic besnoitiosis (Table 1).…”

Section: B Besnoiti-infected Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…48 Four serological tests have been performed as previously described 47,48 by applying published cutoffs. 47,48 In IFAT, a positive cutoff titer of 1:200 was used; in both immunoblots, recognition of at least 4 of 10 bands was regarded positive. 47 In the ELISA, a cut-off of Sample-to-Positive control ratio SP ¼ 1.756 was applied.…”

Section: Serological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 In the ELISA, a cut-off of Sample-to-Positive control ratio SP ¼ 1.756 was applied. 48 A positive seroconversion was assumed when at least 3 of the 4 reference tests were positive. 48 Definitions B. besnoiti parasites within skin sections were addressed as zoites.…”

Section: Serological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, we monitored the transition to the subacute and chronic stages of the disease and linked these findings to serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results of already published data on these animals. 48 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Langenmayer¹,

Gollnick²,

Majzoub-Altweck³

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

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The pathogenesis of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease of increasing concern within Europe, is still incompletely understood. In this study, disease progression after natural infection with the causative apicomplexan Besnoitia besnoiti was monitored in histological skin sections of 5 individual female cattle over time. High-frequency skin sampling of 2 cattle with mild and 2 with severe acute, subacute, and chronic besnoitiosis, as well as from 1 animal during subclinical disease, enabled documentation from the beginning of the disease. Skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa, periodic acid-Schiff reaction, and anti-Besnoitia immunohistochemistry. In all 4 clinically affected animals, tachyzoite-like endozoites could be detected for the first time by immunohistochemistry, and tissue cyst evolution was monitored. Besnoitiosis-associated lesions were not detected in the animal showing the subclinical course. Because of the inconsistency of the nomenclature of Besnoitia tissue cyst layers in the literature, a new nomenclature for B. besnoiti cyst wall layers is proposed: tissue cysts consist of a hypertrophied host cell with enlarged nuclei, an intracytoplasmic parasitophorous vacuole with bradyzoites, a sometimes vacuolated inner cyst wall, and an outer cyst wall in more developed cysts. Inner and outer cyst walls can be readily distinguished by using special stains. In 1 animal, extracystic B. besnoiti zoites were immunohistochemically detected during the chronic stage. At necropsy, the 2 severely affected cows displayed large numbers of B. besnoiti cysts in a variety of tissues, including the corium of the claws, contributing mainly to the development of chronic laminitis in these 2 cases.

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Section: B Besnoiti-infected Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Besnoiti-infected Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Langenmayer¹,

Gollnick²,

Majzoub-Altweck³

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

Self Cite

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Prevalence and geographic distribution of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle herds in Portugal

et al. 2014

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Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti is considered an emergent disease in Europe. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of B. besnoiti in cattle herds in continental Portugal and to identify potential spatial clustering of infection. A stratified two-stage cross-sectional serological survey was carried out between March 2012 and May 2013 with the five administrative NUTS II regions, Norte, Centro, Lisboa, Alentejo, and Algarve, as the stratification level. Sera from 391 herds in 220 parishes and 83 municipalities were analyzed by a serial testing strategy, with the modified agglutination test (B-MAT) as the first screening assay and the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as the confirmatory test. Within-herd prevalence of positive herds varied between 0.7 and 72.4% and was ≥10.3% in half of the infected herds. Using a Bayesian approach, the true prevalence of B. besnoiti in cattle herds was determined to be 5.1% (confidence interval (CI), 3.1-7.8%) and the mean within-herd prevalence of positive herds was 33.0% (CI, 20.3-46.0%). The sensitivity and specificity of the B-MAT were estimated to be 96.9% (CI, 93.7-98.8 %) and 99.7% (CI, 99.6-99.8%), whereas those of the IFAT were 89.6% (CI, 86.0-92.5%) and 99.7% (CI, 98.5-99.9%), respectively. Spatial scan statistics analysis identified one spatial cluster covering the majority of the Alentejo region. Seropositive herds were detected for the first time outside Alentejo, in the region Centro and in the northeast of Portugal. Further epidemiological research is needed to identify eco-biological factors, which could explain the geographic clustering of B. besnoiti in Portugal.

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Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation

et al. 2014

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Extracellular trap (ET) formation has been demonstrated as an important novel effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages acting extracellularly against pathogens. In the present study, we show that tachyzoites of the emerging apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti, that have recently been reported as potent inducers of PMN-derived ETosis, also trigger the release of ETs in an additional cell type, namely in monocytes. Fluorescence illustrations as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses (SEM) showed monocyte-promoted ET formation to be rapidly induced upon exposure to viable tachyzoites of B. besnoiti. Classical characteristics of ETs were confirmed by the co-localization of extracellular DNA with histones (H3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) in parasite-entrapping structures. Monocyte-derived ETs were efficiently abolished by DNase I treatment and significantly reduced by treatments with inhibitors of MPO and NADPH oxidase, thus strengthening the key roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MPO in monocyte ET formation. For comparative reasons, we additionally tested sporozoite stages of the closely related parasite Eimeria bovis for their capacity to induce monocyte-derived ETs and showed that these stages indeed induce ETs. To our best knowledge, we here report for the first time on monocyte ETs against the apicomplexan parasites B. besnoiti and E. bovis. Our results indicate that monocyte-triggered ETs may represent an important effector mechanism of the host early innate immune response against B. besnoiti and add a new cell type to the list of cells capable to release ETs.

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Novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Prevalence and geographic distribution of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle herds in Portugal

Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation

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