Novel vacA s1d signal sequence found in Helicobacter pylori from Mexican Children with Recurrent Abdominal Pain

Morales-Espinosa, Rosario

doi:10.15226/sojmid/5/1/00168

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The vacA gene varies in length (3.9 kb ± 35 bp) among strains, is highly polymorphic, and has at least six known heterogenic regions that may influence toxin activity and contribute to variable disease outcomes. These include variability in the signal sequence (s1a-d/s2) [ 16 , 25 , 26 ], as well as in intermediate (i1-3) [ 27 , 28 ] and middle (m1a-c/m2a-b/m3) regions [ 16 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Three new regions were also described: d1 and d2 subtypes [ 33 ] further classified to K-, Q-, or E-types [ 34 ], a tail region, which includes n1 and n2 [ 34 , 35 ], and c region with c1 and c2 subtypes [ 35 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Stage I—events In the Helicobacter Pylori ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle

Jarzab,

Skorko-Glonek

2023

Membranes

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The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.

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