Nuclear Factor-κB Affects Tumor Progression in a Mouse Model of Malignant Pleural Effusion

Abstract

Malignancy involving the pleura is the third leading cause of pleural effusions, with an annual incidence of Ͼ 150,000 cases in the United States (1, 2). Adenocarcinomas account for ‫ف‬ 70% of all malignant pleural effusions (MPEs), with lung adenocarcinomas being the most frequent underlying malignancy (3). The appearance of a MPE is an ominous prognostic sign for patients with cancer, because the presence of the MPE indicates that the tumor is incurable by surgery and life expectancy is short (1). In addition, the presence of the pleural effusion can cause dyspnea that severely compromises the quality of the patient's life (4, 5). Pleurodesis, the iatrogenic induction of pleural fibrosis to obliterate the pleural cavity, is commonly used to prevent symptomatic re-accumulation of pleural effusions; however, this therapy is often ineffective and is associated with significant It is generally believed that disruption of the endothelialmesothelial barrier, increased capillary permeability, tumorinduced angiogenesis, and lymphatic obstruction are responsible for the exudation of increased amounts of fluid into the pleural cavity (1, 7). However, the specific mechanisms underlying pleural fluid accumulation are poorly defined because studies of MPE pathogenesis are limited by a lack of animal models that reproduce the pathobiology of human MPE. Although mouse models that require immunocompromised mice for propagation of human cancer cells mice have provided insights into the biological behavior of tumor cells in the pleural cavity (7-9), these models are not ideal because the host is immunocompromised, and, therefore, the host immune response is attenuated or missing. The immune response against tumor may be an important component in the development of MPE because host inflammatory cells may contribute to or regulate the production of mediators that affect pathogenesis (10).Nuclear factor (NF)-B is a ubiquitous family of transcription regulatory proteins that affects a variety of cellular functions and influences tumor biology and host-tumor interactions. NF-B is activated by a number of tumor-promoting agents and is involved in the production of proteins that enhance cell survival and proliferation (11). High basal NF-B activation is present in lung adenocarcinoma cells and human lung cancer, and inhibition of NF-B sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis and the effects of chemotherapeutic agents (11)(12)(13)(14)(15).Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells are derived from a spontaneously arising lung adenocarcinoma in C57B/6 mice. These cells are characterized by short doubling times in vitro and in vivo and aggressive biological behavior. They can be propagated in wild-type C57B/6 mice, giving rise to lung adenocarcinomas (16)(17)(18). In these studies, we have developed and characterized a new murine model of MPE after instillation of lung adenocarcinoma cells in the pleural space of immunocompetent mice. We used this model to investigate whether the NF-B pathway in tumor cells is linked to MPE formation and progression of pl...

Host-derived Interleukin-5 Promotes Adenocarcinoma-induced Malignant Pleural Effusion

“…LLC mouse and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, MC38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma, and mouse skin melanoma (B16F10) cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA; NCI, Frederick, MD) were cultured and pNGL MC38 cells stably expressing a NF-kB reporter (NFkB.GFP.LUC; pNGL) were generated as described previously (13).…”

“…Experiments were approved by both Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. Intrapleural tumor cell injection (1.5 3 10 5 ), killing of mice, and specimen collection (Day 14 after LLC and Day 11 after MC38 cells) were described previously (13)(14)(15). For flank tumor formation, tumor cells (5 3 10 5 ) were subcutaneously injected, tumor dimensions (d1,d2,d3) were measured weekly, and tumor volume (V) was determined (V 5 p3[d13d23d3]/6).…”

“…Mice received 1 mg/kg intraperitoneal TRFK5, which provides prolonged bioactivity (37), in ''prevention'' (Days 0 and 8) and ''regression'' (Day 8) protocols, the latter aimed at therapy of established MPEs developing around Day 8 (13,38).…”

“…To aid in elucidating MPE pathobiology, we have developed an immunocompetent model of MPE using syngeneic mice (13)(14)(15). Immunocompetent models are vital, because recent evidence has linked inflammation with enhanced formation, growth, and metastasis of tumors (16)(17)(18)(19).…”

“…In this connection, mouse MPEs display a robust immune response, including varying degrees of mononuclear and eosinophil infiltration, similar to human MPEs (13-15, 20, 21). We and others have identified tumor-specific pathways that promote MPE formation, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, and nuclear factor (NF)-kB/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (13)(14)(15)(22)(23)(24). However, hostderived factors that regulate MPE formation and progression have not been identified.…”