Nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage T4 gene 57 and a deduced amino acid sequence

Herrmann, Richard

doi:10.1093/nar/10.3.1105

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This plasmid, pTUT4g57P, caused the synthesis of a protein with a size of about 5 kDa (Fig. 2, lane 2) and, as described previously (21,22), complemented the g57 amber mutant amE198. This polypeptide was recovered from electrophoretograms and subjected to Edman degradation.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 73%

Characterization of the helper proteins for the assembly of tail fibers of coliphages T4 and lambda

et al. 1996

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Assembly of tail fibers of coliphage T4 requires the action of helper proteins. In the absence of one of these, protein 38 (p38), p37, constituting the distal part of the long tail fiber, fails to oligomerize. In the absence of the other, p57, p34 (another component of the long tail fiber), p37, and p12 (the subunit of the short tail fiber) remain unassembled. p38 can be replaced by the Tfa (tail fiber assembly) protein (pTfa) of phage , which has the advantage of remaining soluble even when produced in massive amounts. The mechanisms of action of the helpers are unknown. As a first step towards elucidation of these mechanisms, p57 and pTfa have been purified to homogeneity and have been crystallized. The identity of gene 57 (g57), not known with certainty previously, has been established. The 79-residue protein p57 represents a very exotic polypeptide. It is oligomeric and acidic (an excess of nine negative charges). It does not contain Phe, Trp, Tyr, His, Pro, and Cys. Only 25 N-terminal residues were still able to complement a g57 amber mutant, although with a reduced efficiency. In cells overproducing the protein, it assumed a quasi-crystalline structure in the form of highly ordered fibers. They traversed the cells longitudinally (and thus blocked cell division) with a diameter approaching that of the cell and with a hexagonal appearance. The 194-residue pTfa is also acidic (an excess of 13 negative charges) and is likely to be dimeric.Receptors at the bacterial cell surface are recognized by phage T4 with the free ends of its long tail fibers (1, 26, 51). These fibers consist of four proteins: p34, p35, p36, and p37. p37 constitutes the distal part of the fiber and mediates receptor recognition (2, 51) with an area near its C terminus (17, 32). p34, p36, and p37 in these tail fibers are oligomers. It had earlier been assumed that they form dimers (50, 53); most likely, however, they are trimers. There is experimental evidence for the trimeric state of p34 and p37 (8), and regarding p37, strong indirect evidence stems from the fact that the tail fibers of phage T7 consist of trimers of this virion's p17 (49). Tail fiber genes are of a mosaic structure (summarized in reference 16), very strongly indicating horizontal transfer of gene fragments. Corresponding protein fragments, partially identical to sequences of p17, exist in p37 of phages K3 and T2 (16), which are very closely related to T4. There is little doubt, therefore that all p37 proteins are trimeric. Assembly of these fibers requires helpers (for a recent review, see reference 54), which are absent from the mature virion. In the absence of one of these, p38, p37 fails to oligomerize. A gene 38 (g38) partial bypass mutant has been isolated (3), and it has been shown to consist of a duplication of residues 797 to 805 (17) of the 1,026-residue p37 (36). This is the area where p38 is believed to act on p37 (48). Infection with the mutant phage leads to about 30% assembled distal half-fibers (compared with the amount produced in wild-type phage infectio...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 73%

Characterization of the helper proteins for the assembly of tail fibers of coliphages T4 and lambda

et al. 1996

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“…While the later are active on supercoiled plasmids, little to no transcription was observed in T4-infected cells. A similar promoter preceding gene 57A was inferred to be active on plasmids (409). These host-like promoters as a group may be of limited significance, when host transcription in general is turned off and RNAP is modified early during T4 infection.…”

Section: Early Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Bacteriophage T4 Genome

Miller

Kutter

Mosig

et al. 2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

703

801

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SUMMARY Phage T4 has provided countless contributions to the paradigms of genetics and biochemistry. Its complete genome sequence of 168,903 bp encodes about 300 gene products. T4 biology and its genomic sequence provide the best-understood model for modern functional genomics and proteomics. Variations on gene expression, including overlapping genes, internal translation initiation, spliced genes, translational bypassing, and RNA processing, alert us to the caveats of purely computational methods. The T4 transcriptional pattern reflects its dependence on the host RNA polymerase and the use of phage-encoded proteins that sequentially modify RNA polymerase; transcriptional activator proteins, a phage sigma factor, anti-sigma, and sigma decoy proteins also act to specify early, middle, and late promoter recognition. Posttranscriptional controls by T4 provide excellent systems for the study of RNA-dependent processes, particularly at the structural level. The redundancy of DNA replication and recombination systems of T4 reveals how phage and other genomes are stably replicated and repaired in different environments, providing insight into genome evolution and adaptations to new hosts and growth environments. Moreover, genomic sequence analysis has provided new insights into tail fiber variation, lysis, gene duplications, and membrane localization of proteins, while high-resolution structural determination of the “cell-puncturing device,” combined with the three-dimensional image reconstruction of the baseplate, has revealed the mechanism of penetration during infection. Despite these advances, nearly 130 potential T4 genes remain uncharacterized. Current phage-sequencing initiatives are now revealing the similarities and differences among members of the T4 family, including those that infect bacteria other than Escherichia coli. T4 functional genomics will aid in the interpretation of these newly sequenced T4-related genomes and in broadening our understanding of the complex evolution and ecology of phages—the most abundant and among the most ancient biological entities on Earth.

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Identification of two middle promoters upstream DNA ligase gene 30 of bacteriophage T4

Truncaitė

Zajančkauskaitė

Nivinskas

2002

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage T4 gene 57 and a deduced amino acid sequence

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of the helper proteins for the assembly of tail fibers of coliphages T4 and lambda

Characterization of the helper proteins for the assembly of tail fibers of coliphages T4 and lambda

Bacteriophage T4 Genome

Identification of two middle promoters upstream DNA ligase gene 30 of bacteriophage T4

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