Numerical analysis of the cross rolling process of a hollow railway axle

The study of central cracking mechanism and criterion in cross wedge rolling

“…The market demand for this novel technique is expanding rapidly because of new technological developments. For example, hollow parts such as engine valves or railway axle can be manufactured efficiently using CWR [9,10]. CWR of threaded shafts and shafts of non-circular cross-section is also being subject to intensive investigation [11,12].…”