“…In the past, many tests have studied the SSI effects and seismic behavior of pile-supported piers with a concentrated oscillation mass or even neglecting an oscillation mass in different soils (Makris et al 1997, Yao et al 2004, Rollins et al 2005, Tokimatsu et al 2005, Cubrinovski et al 2006, Dungca et al 2006, Chau et al 2009, Motamed and Towhata 2010, Gao et al 2011, Haeri et al 2012, Chang and Hutchinson 2013, Motamed et al 2013, Goit and Saitoh 2014, Durante et al 2015, Wang et al 2015, Durante et al 2016, Su et al 2016, Durante et al 2017, Liu et al 2017, Wang et al 2019). The research work validated experimentally the Winkler foundation model using the displacement transfer function and strain spectrum of a SDOF superstructure supported by a single pile (Makris et al 1997).…”