“…In recent decades, nanomaterials are used in solar cells 22 , catalytic reactions 23 , heat exchangers 24 , wastewater treatment 25 , energy application 26 , and system sensing 27 . A diversity of mainly nanosized metal oxides, including tungsten oxide 28 , zinc oxide 29 , cobalt oxide 30 , iron oxide 31 , copper oxide 32 , bismuth oxide 33 , samarium oxide 34 , and indium oxide 35 have already been used to fabricate acetone-detecting sensors.…”