Numerically simulated cardiac exposure to electric current densities induced by TASER X-26 pulses in adult men

Leitgeb, Norbert; Niedermayr, Florian; Neubauer, Robert; Loos, Gerhard

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/010

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…After an oscillating onset phase the main pulse lasts for about 100 µs. Pulse parameters including time course and repetition frequency vary with load impedance [11][12][13]. Depending on electrode location the pulse peak amplitude extended to 12 kV (the open circuit voltage exceeded 70 kV).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of the numerical anatomical model of a slim man is already widely accepted and validated for investigations of different kind of electric and electromagnetic interference [8,12,14]. It could be expected that CED application at larger and/or more obese persons would lead to lower interference voltages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other sideeffects such as adverse tissue heating or cardiac fibrillation were not investigated. The risk of Taser X26-related cardiac fibrillation has already been analysed in [11], the exposure to Taser X26-induced myocardial current densities has been quantitatively analysed in [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The load-dependence of delivered Taser pulses was accounted for by numerical calculation of position-dependent body impedances and selecting delivered Taser X26 pulses from the results of own measurements accordingly. For this purpose the delivered Taser X26 pulses had been measured [11,12]. Calculated body impedances have been verified by directly measuring body impedances at volunteers with constant contact pressure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of Pacemaker Patients by TASER X26 Contact Mode Application

Leitgeb¹,

Niedermayr²,

Neubauer³

et al. 2012

JEMAA

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The prevalence of pacemaker patients among the general population and of conducted energy devices (CED) for law enforcement and self-defence is increasing. Consequently, the question whether cardiac pacemaker (CPM) patients are on particular risk becomes increasingly important. The risk of Taser X26 electric interference with implanted CPM has been investigated by numerical simulation at MRI-based anatomical models of CPM patients with devices implanted at conventional sites (left pectoral, right pectoral and abdominal) and with the monopolar CPM electrode placed at the ventricular apex. In spite of 10 fold higher peak voltages the different coupling conditions make Taser-induced CPM interference voltages lower than those caused by external cardiac defibrillators. It is shown that electric interference considerably depends on ECD electrode orientation. The most unfavourable conditions are encountered with ECD electrodes aligned with the line from the CPM electrode tip to CPM can (EPC line). It could be shown that worst case interference voltages of monopolar pacemakers of any kind of implantation remain below the pulse immunity level as defined in safety standards of implantable cardiac pacemakers and of cardioverter defibrillators. However, interference voltages exceed CPM sensing thresholds. Therefore, capturing should be expected at Taser X26 contact mode application at any position at the upper part of the body including the abdomen, both at frontal and dorsal positions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Risk of Pacemaker Patients by TASER X26 Contact Mode Application

Leitgeb¹,

Niedermayr²,

Neubauer³

et al. 2012

JEMAA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the cardiac exposure to electric current densities was quantitatively assessed by numerical simulation using the detailed anatomical model NORMAN of a man which had been derived from series of magnetic resonance images (MRI) (73 kg, 176 cm) with a spatial resolution of 2 Â 2 Â 2 mm voxels and its biologic tissues segmented into 35 different types [24,25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac fibrillation risk of TASER X-26 dart mode application

Leitgeb

Niedermayr

Loos

et al. 2011

Wien Med Wochenschr

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In view of reported fatalities there are still controversial discussions on whether electronic stun law enforcement weapons can cause cardiac fibrillation. Experimental data are contradictory. Simplified theoretical estimations led to a negligible low risk of 8.10(-7). With a detailed numerical-anatomical model of an adult man (NORMAN) cardiac exposure to Taser X26 high-tension pulses was quantitatively assessed and the fibrillation risk estimated by accounting for its dependence on excited volume based on 3D cardiac exposure patterns. For distance mode and worst case dart hits it could be demonstrated that cardiac exposure can reach the 30% fibrillation risk level. Risk reduces considerably if direct current flow across the heart is prevented. The overall fibrillation risk of Taser application is further reduced by the limited probability of critical hits. However, in agreement with experimental findings it is demonstrated that cardiac fibrillation risk of Taser X26 dart mode application is small, however, not negligible.

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Cardiac and skeletal muscle effects of electrical weapons

Kunz

Calkins

Adamec

et al. 2018

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Conducted Electrical Weapons (CEWs) are being used as the preferred non-lethal force option for police and special forces worldwide. This new technology challenges an exposed opponent similarly to the way they would be challenged by physical exercise combined with emotional stress. While adrenergic and metabolic effects have been meta-analyzed and reviewed, there has been no systematic review of the effects of CEWs on skeletal and cardiac muscle. A systematic and careful search of the MedLine database was performed to find publications describing pathophysiological cardiac and skeletal muscle effects of CEWs. For skeletal muscle effects, we analyzed all publications providing changes in creatine kinase, myoglobin and potassium. For cardiac effects, we analyzed reported troponin changes and arrhythmias related to short dart-to-heart-distances. Conducted electrical weapons satisfy all relevant electrical safety standards and there are, to date, no proven electrocution incidents caused by CEWs. A potential cardiovascular risk has been recognized by some of the experimental animal data. The effects on the heart appear to be limited to instances when there is a short dart-to-heart-distance. The effect on the skeletal muscle system appears to be negligible. A responsible use of a CEW on a healthy adult, within the guidelines proposed by the manufacturer, does not imply a significant health risk for that healthy adult.

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Numerically simulated cardiac exposure to electric current densities induced by TASER X-26 pulses in adult men

Cited by 5 publications

References 26 publications

Risk of Pacemaker Patients by TASER X26 Contact Mode Application

Risk of Pacemaker Patients by TASER X26 Contact Mode Application

Cardiac fibrillation risk of TASER X-26 dart mode application

Cardiac and skeletal muscle effects of electrical weapons

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