NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE NON‐SYMBIOTIC CULTURE OF AN ACHLOROPHYLLOUS ORCHID <i>GALEOLA SEP TEN TRIO N ALIS</i>

Nakamura, Shigetake

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03279.x

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similar results were achieved with several other orchids (e.g. Ernst 1967, Johnson andKane 2013) except for Galeola (Nakamura 1982) and Phalaenopsis (Ernst 1967) which grew well on it. Inability of some orchids to grow on mannitol is surprising as it is a common fungal endogenous saccharide (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Galactose was toxic for Ophrys embryos, which corresponds well with effects in other orchids (e.g. Quednow 1930, Ernst et al 1971, Nakamura 1982. Generally, galactose is known to be toxic to plant tissues likely through inhibition of β-galactosidase action in cell wall loosening during organ elongation (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the protocorms grew slowly and sorbitol accumulated in tissues. Sorbitol utilization differs among orchid species, ranging from a good growth support in Phalaenopsis, Doritaenopsis and Galeola (Ernst et al 1971, Nakamura 1982, Rahman et al 2005 to no growth in Bletia (Johnson and Kane 2013). As Bletia is a terrestrial orchid of subfam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of exogenous saccharides by protocorms of two terrestrial orchids

Ponert¹,

Lipavská²

2017

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Orchid protocorms are completely mycoheterotrophic structures. Although saccharides are proposed as the main energy and carbon (C) sources provided by fungi, there is only limited knowledge on their effects. For the first time, utilization of a wide range of saccharides by in vitro axenic protocorms of two terrestrial orchids from two subfamilies, Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi and Oeceoclades, was tested. Protocorm size and, in the first of these also rhizoid length and soluble saccharide contents, were analysed. The endogenous saccharide spectra reflected the supplied saccharides and their metabolism. In both species, sucrose supported protocorm growth best. Surprisingly, fructose inhibited O. iricolor subsp. lojaconoi protocorm growth while O. decaryana ones grew well on it. Interestingly, mannitol abundant in mycorrhizal fungi was not utilized while sorbitol not found in fungi was usable. Galactose was toxic at pre-germination stage. Protocorm rhizoid length correlated with protocorm size but revealed several signalling effects of some saccharides. In conclusion, the orchid’s ability to utilize various saccharides reflects more likely species life strategy rather than phylogenetic relations or saccharide abundance in mycorrhizal fungi.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of exogenous saccharides by protocorms of two terrestrial orchids

Ponert¹,

Lipavská²

2017

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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“…Many attempts to acbie^'e asymbiotic germination in fully beterotropbic orcbids (Downie, 1943) and members of tbe Monotropaceae (Baksbi, 1959) using a wide range of media containing carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones and mineral nutrients, ba\e met witb failure. Exceptions are seen in tbe cases of Galeola septentrional is wbich has been successfully grown to protocorm stage by Nakamura (1976Nakamura ( , 1982 and Rhizanihella gardneri wbicb has been germinated asymbititically by Warcup (1985) but does not develop furtber. Cell division, embryo swelling and protocorm formation including tbe development of leaf primordia have recently been reported (Weatherhead et aL, 1986) in Eulophia yushuiana on Knudson's medium (Knudson, 1925).…”

Section: Asymbiotic Seed Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biology of myco‐heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants

1994

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SUMMARY More than 400 species of vascular plants, in 87 genera, are acholophyllous and heterotrophic, but not directly parasitic upon autotrophs. They are usually, but incorrectly, described as 'saprophytes’since they are in fact nourished by means of specialized mycorrhizal associations. Although distributed world‐wide, they are most abundant and show the greatest species‐richness in the Neotropics and Palaeotropical regions. Their aerial parts range in size from a few centimetres to extensive liane types up to 40 m long. With few exceptions, their habitats are dense moist forests in which there is a surface accumulation of leaf litter, often in situations which are too shaded for autotrophic growth. Although the achlorophyllous mycorrhizal mode of life has evolved independently many times and in widely disparate taxonomic groups, such plants show strong convergent evolution in particular adaptations to their peculiar mode of life. Most prominant amongst these are reductions in the size of seed and embryo, and the lack of differentiation of the embryo at maturity. The number of seeds produced by each flower is typically very large and the shape, structure and surface features of seeds involving adaptation for wind dispersal show remarkable parallels in many species. Specific adaptations for zoochory are rare but well developed in a small number of genera, some of which produce scents like fungal fruit bodies or floral parts which mimic fungal sporocarps. Vegetative parts are often even more conspicuously reduced. Most myco‐heterotrophs are entirely subterranean for most of their lives and these stages exhibit adaptations consistent with a change in function from organs of absorption to organs of storage, shown by the almost universal loss of root hairs, decrease in surface area as exhibited in short cylindric‘vermiform’and tuberous roots or, in extreme cases, the complete suppression of roots and the formation of a swollen tuber or rhizome. Increased width of the root cortex often accommodates mycorrhizal infection and stores of carbohydrates and other materials obtained from the fungal symbiont. Mycorrhizal infection is confined to the below‐ground parts of the plants but may be found there in modified stems as well as in roots. In many genera, stems are exceptionally slender and thread‐like and their vascular tissues are either reduced to a single narrow cylinder of bicollateral bundles or, minimally, to four or six narrow bundles in the cortex. Secondary thickening is poorly developed in all but a tiny minority of species, lignification being confined to annular or, rarely, a few scalariform xylem vessels. Phloem is present in very small amounts and then mainly as parenchyma with sieve tubes frequently recorded as narrow and possibly with abherent sieve plates. Leaves are typically reduced to widely spaced achlorophyllous scales on the inflorescence axis. Occasionally, they are present only on underground rhizomes or tubers. The vascular supply to the leaf‐scales, normally reduced to a single trace, may be ab...

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“…Reisolation of t h e fungus from the seedlings w a s confirmed by the m e t h o d of Warcup and Talbot (1 967). In this report g e r m i n a t i o n was defined as dehiscense of the seed-coat, f o l l o w e d Nakamura (1982).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of endomycorrhizas by an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, and Auricularia polytricha

Umata

1997

Mycoscience

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To test the mycorrhizal function of heterobasidiomycetous fungi on achlorophyllous orchids and to examine the symbiotic fungal range of a myco-heterotrophic orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, synthetic cultures of the orchid seed were carried out with Auricularia polytricha isolates from Japan and Mexico. After three and a half mo of incubation, 57.0-70.7% of seeds germinated but none of them showed further growth. When cultured on peat moss at 25~ the germination rate was 8.7% in the presence of Mexican isolate and 18.0% in the presence of Japanese isolate. Some germinated seeds developed into protocorms, and several seeds incubated with the Mexican isolate developed into plantlets after 5 too. Pelotons were observed in the cells of protocorms and roots. The results indicated that some heterobasidiomycetous fungi could form endomycorrhizas with a myco-heterotrophic orchid. The results also showed that the symbiont of E. ochobiensis extends, at least experimentally, to Heterobasidiomycetes. The variances of germination rate and seedling growth were suggested to be affected by the difference of isolates and culture conditions.

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NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE NON‐SYMBIOTIC CULTURE OF AN ACHLOROPHYLLOUS ORCHID GALEOLA SEP TEN TRIO N ALIS

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Utilization of exogenous saccharides by protocorms of two terrestrial orchids

Utilization of exogenous saccharides by protocorms of two terrestrial orchids

The biology of myco‐heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants

Formation of endomycorrhizas by an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, and Auricularia polytricha

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