Nutritional evaluation of complementary food developed from plant and animal protein sources

Abstract

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to nutritionally evaluate the potency of complementary food produced by mixing different sources of vegetable and animal protein together. Design/methodology/approach -Maize (carbohydrate), peanut (groundnut) and crayfish (Euastacus spp) were the sole energy and protein sources, respectively. Diet 1 (Basal); diet 2 (groundnut-fermented-maize (ogi) 1:9); diet 3 (crayfish-ground-nut-ogi, 1:1:9); diet 4 (crayfish-ogi, 1:9); diet 5 control (Nutrend). The formulated complementary diets were fed to 30 albino rats. A commercial product (Nutrend) manufactured by nestle plc was obtained at a local supermarket, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and was used as standard diet. Findings -The result showed the growth rate (non-protein diet) decreased from 37.962-36.910; and the growth rate (protein diet) increased from 37. 270-54.544, 37.770-82.662, 37.900-78.570, and 37.636-80.521 for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5 were nil, 1.45, 3.30, 3.15, and 2.94, respectively. Net protein ratio (NPR), for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5 were nil, 0.85, 2.78, 2.59, and 2.45, respectively. The average nitrogen retained in various organs of experimental animals, such as liver, kidney and muscle of the diets 1 2, 3 4 and 5 were 35.52, 33.55, 33.58: 48.32, 48.40 48.68: 55.70, 53.20, 56.08: 52.30, 50.48, 54.65: and 56.76, 44.63, 56.80, respectively. The formulations compared to control were found superior in terms of growth rate, PER, NPR and ensure optimum nitrogen content in the liver, kidney and tissues. Originality/value -The paper's findings show that the complementary food formulations which are not expensive, locally available, and affordable, could be produced from plant and animal sources and may be suitable to eradicate protein energy malnutrition (PEM).

Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulated from fermented maize, pigeon pea and soybeans

“…They ranged from 31.00 a Ϯ 04-115.5 f Ϯ 01; 9.00 a Ϯ 04-55.50 f Ϯ 01 and 12.50 a Ϯ 01-55.00 f Ϯ 04. This is clearly reflected in the protein intake and confirmed in previous studies, (Fashakin et al, 1989;Ibironke et al, 2012). The combination of two proteins in the formulation of diet was reported previously to complement each other to form a complete amino acid profile (Fashakin et al, 1989;Ibironke et al, 2012).…”

“…The flours were packed into air-tight polyethylene bags and stored in the freezer. Mixing of the flour with the vitamin mix containing multivitamin was done using a Hobart (Fashakin et al, 1989;Ibironke et al, 2012). The basal diet is 100 per cent carbohydrate, having no protein,100 per cent carbohydrate (A), Fermented maize-soybean-pigeon pea 70:15: 15 (B), fermented maize-soybean 70:30 (C), fermented maize-pigeon pea 70:30 (D), Nutrend (E) a commercial dietary supplement (Ikujenlola and Fashakin, 2005;Fashakin and Ogunsola, 1982;Fashakin et al, 1989).…”

“…In addition, the animals fed with Nutrend (control diet) ate large amounts of food compared with other groups, while the basal group ate less quantity, and this reflected in the average weight gained of the animals during the experimental period as shown in Figure 1; this may be attributed to complete amino acid profile, sweet aroma which increases the appetite of the animal fed with Nutrend (control diet) (Fashakin et al, 1989;Ibironke et al, 2012). Table I showed the weight of various tissues, after they were sacrificed; the tissue from the liver, kidney and the plantaris muscle collected from animals fed the basal diet were discovered to be smaller and dull in colour when compared with other animals fed other diets and Nutrend; this may be linked to an incomplete amino acid profile in their diets, hence growth were retarded, (Fashakin et al, 1989;Ibironke et al, 2012). Table II showed the total nitrogen in various tissues of experimental animals (mg)/ 100, which include liver, kidney and Plantaris muscle.…”

“…During this period, because of their rapid growth, children need nutritionally balanced, caloric-dense supplementary foods in addition to mother's milk (Fashakin and Ogunsola, 1982;WHO, 2000;Sajilata et al, 2002). The formulation and development of nutritious weaning foods from under-utilized local and readily available raw materials has received a lot of attention in many developing countries, (Fashakin and Ogunsola, 1982;Ibironke et al, 2012). The widespread problem of infant malnutrition in the developing world has stimulated efforts in research, development and extension by both local and international organizations.…”

“…The widespread problem of infant malnutrition in the developing world has stimulated efforts in research, development and extension by both local and international organizations. It has been discovered that legumes are largely replacing milk and other animal protein sources, which are expensive and not readily available, as suitable substitutes for high-quality protein, (Fashakin and Ogunsola, 1982;Ibironke et al, 2012). The traditional West African weaning foods could be improved upon by combining locally available foods that could complement each other in such a way that new pattern of amino acids profile is created, by this combination, which is similar to what was previously recommended for infants' survival (Fashakin and Ogunsola, 1982).…”