Nutritional physiology and body composition changes during a rapid ascent to high altitude

Abstract

Exposure to high altitude might cause the body to adapt with negative energy and fluid balance that compromise body composition and physical performance. In this field study involving 12 healthy adults, sex-balanced, aged 29±4 years with a body mass index 21.6±1.8 kg/m2, we investigated the effects fo a 4-day trekking up to 4556 m a.s.l. on Monte Rosa (Alps, Italy). The food intake was recorded using food diaries and nutrients averages were calculated. The bio-impedance analysis was performed at low and high altitude, and a wearable biosensor (Swemax) was used to track hydro-saline losses in 2 participants. Daily total energy intake was 3348±386 kcal for males and 2804±415 kcal for females (13-14% protein, 35% fat, 44-46% carbohydrates). Although there was a significant body weight loss (65.0±9.3 vs 64.2±9.10 kg, p<0.001, d=1.398), no significant changes in body composition parameter were found but a trend in the increase of the bioelectrical phase angle in males (p=0.059, d=–0.991). Body water percentage significantly changed (p=0.026, η2p=0.440), but the absolute water did not, suggesting that the weight loss was not due to water loss. Salivary and urinary osmolality did not change. A reduction in sweat rate at higher altitudes was observed in both participants. Interestingly, salivary leptin increased (p=0.014, η2p=0.510), and salivary ghrelin decreased (p=0.036, η2p =0.403). Therefore, the 4-day trek under altitude hypoxia exposure induced changes in satiety and appetite hormones. High altitude expeditions require more specific nutritional guidance, and using multiplex analysis could help in monitoring fluid balance and body composition.