OAT3 mediates methotrexate resistance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Applications and recent advances in transdermal drug delivery systems for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

“…The drugs for RA are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids (GCs), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). DMARDs include traditional conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and biological agent DMARDs (bDMARDs) 15 , as shown in Table 1 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 .…”

“… Category Common drug Dosage form Mechanism Adverse reaction Ref. NSAIDs Acetylsalicylic acid Tablet Bind to COX-1 and COX-2, inhibit the conversion of AA Gastrointestinal reactions include peptic ulcer, esophagitis, first-pass effect 16 Phenylbutazone Tablet Compete with AA for the active site of COX and inhibit the production of PG Celecoxib Capsule GCs Hydrocortisone Tablet Binds to glucocorticoid receptor GR to enhance transcription of anti-inflammatory genes or inhibit inflammatory genes Gastrointestinal side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding 17 Methylprednisolone Tablet csDMARDs Methotrexate Tablet The folic acid antagonistic pathway inhibits the proliferation of RA-associated inflammatory cells Gastrointestinal side effects include vomiting, nausea 18 Leflunomide Tablet Inhibit DHODH, inhibit joint oxidative damage Diarrhea, nausea 19 Iguratimod Tablet Inhibition of secretion of IL-1 and IL-6 by macrophages Gastrointestinal discomfort 20 tsDMARDs Baricitinib Tablet Inhibition of JAK kinase to inhibit immune and inflammatory responses First-pass metabolism, gastrointestinal, and kidney damage 21 Tofacitinib Tablet bDMARDs Infliximab Injection Blocking TNF- α , the core molecule of the inflammatory response, through TNF-receptor 1 and TNF-receptor 2 Poor patient compliance, pain, difficulty in self-administration 22 , 23 Adalimumab Injection Anakinra Inje...…”