Obesity and the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review of associations and mechanisms

Graham, Catherine; Mullen, Anne; Whelan, Kevin

doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv004

Cited by 123 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Although the oral cavity may contribute to endotoxemia, especially in patients with periodontitis, the main endogenous origin of endotoxins is probably the gut microbiota . The presence of local inflammation or an unhealthy diet are probable prerequisites for endotoxemia . Metabolic endotoxemia results in a status with chronic low‐grade proinflammation and pro‐oxidative stress , which may contribute to vasodilation and increased vascular and intestinal permeability.…”

Section: Lipopolysaccharide As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Pietiäinen

Liljestrand

Kopra

et al. 2018

European J Oral Sciences

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Clinical periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through systemic inflammation as the etiopathogenic link. Whether the oral microbiota, especially its quality, quantity, serology, and virulence factors, plays a role in atherogenesis is not clarified. Patients with periodontitis are exposed to bacteria and their products, which have access to the circulation directly through inflamed oral tissues and indirectly (via saliva) through the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in systemic inflammatory and immunologic responses. Periodontitis is associated with persistent endotoxemia, which has been identified as a notable cardiometabolic risk factor. The serology of bacterial biomarkers for oral dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, prevalent and future coronary artery disease, and incident and recurrent stroke. In addition to species-specific antibodies, the immunologic response includes persistent, cross-reactive, proatherogenic antibodies against host-derived antigens. Periodontitis may affect lipoprotein metabolism at all levels, and all lipoprotein classes are affected. Periodontitis or its bacterial signatures may be involved not only in increased storage of proatherogenic lipids but also in attenuation of the anti-atherogenic processes, thereby putatively increasing the net risk of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarize possible molecular mediators between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and atherosclerotic processes.

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Section: Lipopolysaccharide As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, LPS is considered a molecular link between the microbiome and cardiometabolic disorders . For example, salivary LPS has been shown to correlate with serum LPS activity, and this association was enhanced when periodontal disease was present .…”

Section: Lipopolysaccharide As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Pietiäinen

Liljestrand

Kopra

et al. 2018

European J Oral Sciences

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“…The two-way obesity model, which includes the interaction between the human body and the environment, has been revised to include gut microbiota as a third player [39]. Diet strongly affects human health, partly by modulating gut microbiota [40].…”

Section: Possible Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Intake during the First Two Years of Life and Its Association with Growth and Risk of Overweight

Tang

2018

IJERPH

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Growth patterns early in life could exert a long-term impact on overweight and obesity development. Among all potential manipulative factors, infant diet is one of the most influential and could affect growth and subsequent health status during adolescence and adulthood. Dietary protein, as an important macronutrient in infants’ diet, has been of special interest to researchers. Compared with human milk, infant formula tends to have a higher protein content and is associated with greater weight gain and later-in-life obesity risk. However, the effect of protein from other sources on infant growth trajectories during complementary feeding is not clear. Emerging research suggests that meat protein during early complementary feeding promotes linear growth while not increasing risk of overweight compared with dairy protein; and the gut microbiota might be a mediator between protein quality and growth trajectories. This review addresses the current knowledge of protein intake from birth to 24 months and its relationship with growth and risk of overweight.

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“…These shortcomings prevent designation of a consistent pattern of human gut microbiota that correlates with obesity [4, 17, 18]. Therefore, the challenge to incorporate assessment of microbiomes into epidemiologic studies remains and is critical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota associated with body mass index in a large Korean cohort

et al. 2017

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BackgroundGut microbiota plays an important role in the harvesting, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from one’s diet. Our cross-sectional study aimed to identify differences in gut microbiota according to body mass index (BMI) in a Korean population. 16S rRNA gene sequence data from 1463 subjects were categorized by BMI into normal, overweight, and obese groups. Fecal microbiotas were compared to determine differences in diversity and functional inference analysis related with BMI. The correlation between genus-level microbiota and BMI was tested using zero-inflated Gaussian mixture models, with or without covariate adjustment of nutrient intake.ResultsWe confirmed differences between 16Sr RNA gene sequencing data of each BMI group, with decreasing diversity in the obese compared with the normal group. According to analysis of inferred metagenomic functional content using PICRUSt algorithm, a highly significant discrepancy in metabolism and immune functions (P < 0.0001) was predicted in the obese group. Differential taxonomic components in each BMI group were greatly affected by nutrient adjustment, whereas signature bacteria were not influenced by nutrients in the obese compared with the overweight group.ConclusionsWe found highly significant statistical differences between normal, overweight and obese groups using a large sample size with or without diet confounding factors. Our informative dataset sheds light on the epidemiological study on population microbiome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1052-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Obesity and the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review of associations and mechanisms

Cited by 123 publications

References 60 publications

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Protein Intake during the First Two Years of Life and Its Association with Growth and Risk of Overweight

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota associated with body mass index in a large Korean cohort

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