Observation Lateral Project: Direct Measurement of Far-Field Drainage

Abstract

In 2019 the operator embarked on a very ambitious data acquisition project in the Bakken, with the goal of mapping far-field drainage and characterizing completion performance. The project consisted of a six-well pad (10,000 ft laterals) with a dedicated observation lateral located in the Three Forks (TF) formation instrumented with cemented pressure gauges and fiber optics along the 10,000 ft lateral. The observation lateral was offset by Middle Bakken (MB) wells ∼450 ft on either side (∼900 ft MB-MB well spacing). One of the MB wells was instrumented with fiber optics for cluster-level completion measurements and "frac hit" detection, while the other offset MB well was used to deploy geophones for microseismic mapping. Three different fracture treatment designs were evaluated, with the goal of understanding how fluid volume & rheology, proppant volume and size, and proppant/fluid ratio affect fracture geometry and drainage. Quantitative application of oil and water tracers was used to evaluate the productivity of each treatment design. During the completions of the first three wells, microseismic data provided important measurements to characterize fracture geometry and "offset well" fiber provided strain data to evaluate fracture morphology (i.e. – far-field fracture behavior). Stress shadowing was evaluated by combining the microseismic and strain data. These measurements were used to calibrate a hydraulic fracture model to enable more reliable predictions of fracture geometry and morphology. Cluster-level measurements of fluid distribution provided data to support increasing clusters/stage and decreasing stage count. Production has been continuously monitored for over 12 months, including interference testing to evaluate connectivity. The pressure gauges placed along the observation lateral provided one of the first-ever measurements of far-field drainage as a function of fracture treatment design (450 ft in between two producing wells, 900 ft well spacing). The results show that MB wells can drain the TF at distances of 450 ft and fracture treatment design can significantly impact drainage and productivity. Although the evaluation, modeling, and trials are ongoing, these results may add significant value by enabling Bakken development with fewer, more productive, wells in some portions of the basin.

Advancements and Operational Insights in the Bakken Shale: An Integrated Analysis of Drilling, Completion, and Artificial Lift Practices

“…Cipolla et al [67] reported the results of a field pilot of 6 laterals in which one is an observation lateral that was not stimulated drilled in the TF formation. The wells were equipped with SWPM and fiber optic to record FDI events and map far-field drainage.…”

“…Diagnostics technics to record FDI events [67]. Red for high confidence measurement, and grey for lower confidence measurer.…”

Offset Well Design Optimization Using a Surrogate Model and Metaheuristic Algorithms: A Bakken Case Study

“…To ensure that the pumping schedule used is realistic, the treatment design was obtained from Cipolla et al [38]. The design was for 14 clusters (with two perforations each) in one stage with a total injected volume of 7000 bbl.…”

“…The ratio is then multiplied by the time intervals of the design depicted in Figure 8 to scale the total volume of fluid and total proppant. To ensure that the pumping schedule used is realistic, the treatment design was obtained from Cipolla et al [38]. The design was for 14 clusters (with two perforations each) in one stage with a total injected volume of 7000 bbl.…”

A new method for interpreting well-to-well interference tests and quantifying the magnitude of production impact: Theory and applications in a multi-basin case study

“…However, it is not easy to measure the size and shape of the drainage volume around a well. Proppant settling and localized screenout prevent proppant from being placed along the full length of hydraulic fractures (Almasoodi et al, 2020;Cipolla et al, 2022;McClure et al, 2022b). Diagnostics such as microseismic and offset fiber can measure the full wetted length of fractures, but diagnostics to measure propped length are not readily available.…”