Observational Insight Into the Subsurface Anomalies of Marine Heatwaves

Elzahaby, Youstina; Schaeffer, Amandine

doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00745

Cited by 68 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Subsurface temperature measurements might be more adequate to properly assess the impact of extreme heat events on ecosystems. Subsurface MHWs are likely to occur in most places with or without surface corresponding surface expressions (Elzahaby & Schaeffer, 2019; Schaeffer & Roughan, 2017). However, the ability to assess subsurface MHWs globally is limited by the sparsity and lack of continuity of such observations (Holbrook et al., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global, Multiproduct Analysis of Coastal Marine Heatwaves: Distribution, Characteristics, and Long‐Term Trends

et al. 2021

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In the context of global warming, extreme events in the ocean have recently received much attention among the scientific community. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs) have recently gained notoriety among the scientific community primarily due to their catastrophic impact on ecological communities (Collins et al., 2019; Garrabou et al., 2009; Wernberg et al., 2012) and fisheries productivity (Pearce et al., 2011) around the globe. MHWs are discrete events characterized by strong positive temperature anomalies driven by atmospheric and/or oceanic processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global, Multiproduct Analysis of Coastal Marine Heatwaves: Distribution, Characteristics, and Long‐Term Trends

et al. 2021

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“…Another spatial consideration is that our study mostly concerns the variability of sea‐surface properties. Recent studies using Argo floats have revealed the spatio‐temporal characteristics of marine heatwaves below the surface mixed layer that is distinct from their surface signal (Elzahaby & Schaeffer, 2019; Jackson, Johnson, Dosser, & Ross, 2018). Hence, investigating the vertical structures of marine heatwaves and associated biogeochemical properties (Zaba & Rudnick, 2016) would be worthwhile to comprehend the impacts throughout the water column.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background nutrient concentration determines phytoplankton bloom response to marine heatwaves

Hayashida

Matear

Strutton

2020

Global Change Biology

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Marine heatwaves refer to prolonged anomalous warming events in the ocean that last for days, months and in some extreme cases, years (Hobday et al., 2018). These events have negative impacts on marine organisms that are vulnerable to transient ocean warming. Reported ecological and economic impacts of marine heatwaves include coral bleaching, local extinction of mangrove and kelp forests and elevated mortalities of invertebrates, fishes, seabirds and marine mammals (Smale et al., 2019). Although the influence of marine heatwaves on large plants and animals is becoming well documented, the literature on the impacts on lower trophic levels is both scant and inconclusive. For example, monthly shipboard measurements of phytoplankton and

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“…[H2] Monitoring subsurface MHWs While remote sensing, in combination with surface drifting buoys and ship underway data, provides high resolution SST data for both historical and real-time analyses of MHW surface characteristics, it is not only surface properties that need attention. MHWs can also exhibit considerable depth penetration, or exist at depth with no surface expression, necessitating subsurface data 58,59 . Yet, the ability to characterise subsurface MHWs in both the open ocean 59 and coastal regions 58 is challenged by the sparsity of observations and the absence of continuous, long-term time-series in the historical record (such as data from eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT), conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD), gliders, and Argo profiles).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…MHWs can also exhibit considerable depth penetration, or exist at depth with no surface expression, necessitating subsurface data 58,59 . Yet, the ability to characterise subsurface MHWs in both the open ocean 59 and coastal regions 58 is challenged by the sparsity of observations and the absence of continuous, long-term time-series in the historical record (such as data from eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT), conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD), gliders, and Argo profiles). These challenges hinder the development of robust and spatially complete subsurface temperature climatologies needed for statistical assessments of MHWs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, while some datasets exist 60,61 , they do not extend to coastal regions owing to an absence of Argo profiles 62 . Nevertheless, analyses of MHW vertical structure and corresponding processes have been attempted through the use of long-term mooring sites 20,58 , autonomous floats in regional seas (such as the western Tasman Sea 59 ), and dynamical ocean models or reanalyses that assimilate ocean observations 63,64 . Each of these approaches have known limitations; mooring sites provide information for single points in space, and reanalysis data are based on model-synthesised sparse observations, meaning the products are only as good as the quality and quantity of observations they assimilate, and their distribution.…”

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Keeping pace with marine heatwaves

Holbrook

Gupta

Oliver

et al. 2020

Nat Rev Earth Environ

269

182

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Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events. They can have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems -for example, causing mass coral bleaching and substantial declines in kelp forests and seagrass meadows -with implications for the provision of ecological goods and services. Effective adaptation and mitigation efforts by marine managers can benefit from improved MHW predictions, which at present are inadequate. In this Perspective, we explore MHW predictability on shortterm, interannual to decadal, and centennial timescales, focusing on the physical processes that offer prediction. While there may be potential predictability of MHWs days to years in advance, accuracy will vary dramatically depending on the regions and drivers. Skilful MHW prediction has the potential to provide critical information and guidance for marine conservation, fisheries and aquaculture management. However, to develop effective prediction systems, better understanding is needed of the physical drivers, subsurface MHWs, and predictability limits. [H1] IntroductionProlonged extreme ocean warming events -also known as marine heatwaves (MHWs) -can severely impact marine ecosystems and the services they provide 1-6 . Yet despite their significance, dedicated and coordinated research only became prominent following the extreme event off Western Australia in 2011 7,8 . Indeed, it was during this event that the term 'marine heatwave' was first used to characterise an extensive, persistent and extreme ocean temperature event 9 (Box 1), spurring a new wave of research into their physical processes and corresponding impacts. Since 2011, MHWs have been observed and analysed both retrospectively and contemporaneously, and are now recognised to occur over various spatio-temporal scales. For example, given the ocean's heat capacity and dynamical scales, MHW events can persist for weeks to years [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . They further vary in spatial extent and depth depending on the processes that cause and maintain them, as well as the geometry of the regions in which they occur. For instance, MHWs can be locally confined to individual bays 17 , around small islands or along short sections of coastline, or be broadly distributed over regional seas 10,18 , ocean basins 15,19 , or even spanning multiple oceans 20,21 (for a map of major MHW events, see Fig. 1). As well as the physical drivers, the ecological impacts of MHWs have also been studied in considerable depth. The effects include biodiversity loss and changes in species behaviour or performance 3,7 , loss of genetic diversity and adaptive capacity 22 , economic impacts from changes in fishery catch rates 1,[23][24][25] , and mortality or altered performance of farmed aquaculture species 13 .The impacts of MHWs are particularly evident on coral reefs (promoting widespread bleaching, including pan-tropical events 26 ), kelp forests (driving significant loss of kelp forest habitats off the coast of Western Australia, New Zealand, Mexico and the North Atlantic 7,27-30 ...

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Observational Insight Into the Subsurface Anomalies of Marine Heatwaves

Cited by 68 publications

References 51 publications

A Global, Multiproduct Analysis of Coastal Marine Heatwaves: Distribution, Characteristics, and Long‐Term Trends

A Global, Multiproduct Analysis of Coastal Marine Heatwaves: Distribution, Characteristics, and Long‐Term Trends

Background nutrient concentration determines phytoplankton bloom response to marine heatwaves

Keeping pace with marine heatwaves

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