Observational study of the relation between smoking and oral diseases -A cross-sectional, questionnaire survey-

Abstract

a cross-sectional study examining the relation between tobacco smoking and oral diseases among Japanese, conducted using a questionnaire survey. Material and methods: Among 503 related designated training facilities, information on the clinical characteristics of smoking, age, sex, alcohol consumption, and diabetes were collected from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC） , oral potentially malignant disorders （OPMD） , necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis （NUG） , dry socket, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw （BRONJ） , and dental implants during a 1-year period from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2012. Smoking rates were calculated for each disease, and the relations between smoking and other demographic features were investigated in subgroup analyses. Results: We collected 260 （51.7%） survey sheets from the 503 target facilities that were sent questionnaires. Among these, 246 met the study criteria. Data on smoking habits were unavailable for approximately 20% to 40% percent of the target diseases. For dental implants （n=1,933） , the rate of current smokers in the implant failure group （24.4%, failure within 1 year） was higher than that in the non-failure group （12.8%） . The odds ratio for implant failure was 2.20 （95% confidence interval: 1.34-3.63） for current smokers. The rates of current smokers among patients with OSCC （n=3,223） /OPMD （n=1,224） were respectively 31.9%/41.0% in males and 8.8%/17.3% in females, and the rate of past smokers was higher in OSCC. The rates of smoking were highest for OSCC and OPMD arising in the floor of the mouth among all primary sites. The rates of current smokers in NUG （n=59） , dry socket （n=629） , and BRONJ （n=830） for males and females were 36.4%/2.8%, 36.1%/11.6%, and 13.2%/5.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that smoking is associated with OSCC and OPMD in the floor of the mouth and is significantly related to implant failure. Based on these findings, further studies of interventions for the prevention and cessation of smoking are expected to control oral diseases.