Observations raise the question if the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for Bonamia ostreae or Bonamia exitiosa

Lynch, Sharon A.; Abollo, Elvira; Ramilo, Andrea; Cao, Asunción; Culloty, Sarah C.; Villalba, António

doi:10.1017/s0031182010000326

Cited by 52 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It has recently been suggested that Pacific oysters may be able to harbour low-level Bonamia spp. infections (Lynch et al 2010). Examination of samples of Pacific oysters from all farms in the adjacent Helford estuary failed to detect the presence of any Bonamia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain

Longshaw¹,

Stone²,

Wood³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Following a reported mortality event of European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in southwestern England in December 2010, a sample of 30 oysters was examined using histology and molecular techniques. Histological examination of the oysters revealed the presence of microcell stages in the haemocytes and connective tissues of 3 out of the 30 animals examined. One animal showing marked haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues was considered to be infected with Bonamia ostreae based on the presence of small uninucleate microcells measuring approximately 1 to 1.5 µm in diameter. Two other oysters were considered by histology to be infected with B. exitiosa. Infected haemocytes contained up to 5 microcells, measuring approximately 2 to 3 µm in diameter with a central or subcentral nucleus. Rarely, larger plasmodia-like multinucleated stages were noted in the haemocyte cytoplasm characterised by its irregular shape and increased eosinophilic cytoplasm. Haemocyte infiltration of the connective tissues surrounding the digestive gland and the mantle was noted along with necrosis of the tissues associated with the infection. Molecular analysis of the infected animals confirmed the presence of B. exitiosa in the sample. This study describes the parasite from flat oysters cultured in the UK; subsequent targeted sampling has not detected the parasite in flat oyster populations at this or other sites within the UK.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, recent studies have shown that the Pacific oyster may act as a paratenic or reservoir host for Bonamia spp. of concern in Europe (Lynch et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain

Longshaw¹,

Stone²,

Wood³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…This is significantly longer than the previously reported survival time of 1 wk in filtered seawater (Arzul et al 2009), or 2 wk in another study (Grizel 1985). More importantly, Guangdong province acts as a major production area of Crassostrea ariakensis and C. gigas in China (Wang 2004), and these may be the susceptible hosts or carriers of B. ostreae (Lynch et al 2010, OIE 2012. If B. ostreae spreads to the culture beds of these oysters during its survival time, this may result in high prevalence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C. gigas may be a carrier or reservoir of B. ostreae and B. exitiosa (Lynch et al 2010). Translocation of the above infected live hosts is recognized as a major underlying cause of the spread of bonamiosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and characterization of Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea edulis imported to China

Chen¹,

Lin²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Different extraction protocols were used in each laboratory, as routinely occurs. At UCC, DNA was extracted from the tissue using the Chelex-100 method (Walsh et al 1991, Lynch et al 2010. At CIMA, the commercial Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega) was used, according to the manufacturer's protocol.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis

Flannery¹,

Lynch²,

Longshaw³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The spread of the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae is of major concern to the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis industry. Many studies have looked at the sensitivity of individual methods available to screen for B. ostreae, but in this study, 3 separate laboratories examined 4 methods of diagnosis currently used routinely in laboratories: heart imprints, histology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation (ISH). The results were compared to estimate interlaboratory variability. Heart imprints and histology had the highest reproducibility amongst the 3 laboratories, with greatest agreement between detection of infected and uninfected individuals. PCR had the highest detection level in every laboratory. These positives were related to the presence of confirmed infections but also in unconfirmed infections, possibly due to the presence of traces of B. ostreae DNA in oysters where clinical infections were not observed. PCR, in combination with histology or ISH, provided the most reliable detection levels in every laboratory. Variation in results for PCR and ISH observed between laboratories may be due to the different protocols used by each laboratory for both methods. Overall, the findings from the 3 laboratories indicated that at least 2 methods, with fixed protocols, should be used for the accurate detection and determination of infection prevalence within a sample. This combination of methods would allow for a clearer and more precise diagnosis of B. ostreae, preventing further spread of the disease and providing more accurate detection levels and epidemiological information.KEY WORDS: Bivalve · Protozoa · Diagnostics · Methodology · PCR · In situ hybridisation · Heart imprints · Histology Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Contribution to DAO Special 7 'Microcell parasites of molluscs'Dis Aquat Org 110: [93][94][95][96][97][98][99] 2014 ment length polymorphism (RFLP) and in situ hy bridisation (ISH) (OIE 2012). Screening techniques should be selected primarily based on reliability and sensitivity, although ease of use, safety and cost should also be considered (Culloty & Mulcahy 2007).The production of a heart imprint allows screening of the parasite in blood cells and determination of the intensity of infection. Heart imprints are economical and rapid to make in comparison to the other techniques commonly used (Zabaleta & Barber 1996, O'Neill et al. 1998, Carnegie et al. 2000, Culloty et al. 2003, Culloty & Mulcahy 2007, Lallias & Arzul 2008. The major disadvantages to the use of heart imprints is that Bonamia ostreae, due to its small size (2−5 µm), may go undetected when the infection is light or in its latent period (Carnegie et al. 2000, Culloty et al. 2003, Da Silva & Villalba 2004, Lynch et al. 2008, Bower 2011 and that B. ostreae may be confused with other morphologically similar parasites, such as Mikrocytos mackini and B. exitiosa (Marty et al. 2006, Narcisi et al. 2010.The main advantage of histology over heart im prints is...

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Observations raise the question if the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for Bonamia ostreae or Bonamia exitiosa

Cited by 52 publications

References 45 publications

Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain

Detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in European flat oysters Ostrea edulis cultivated in mainland Britain

Detection and characterization of Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea edulis imported to China

Interlaboratory variability in screening for Bonamia ostreae, a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis

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