Occupant Lower Leg Injury Assessment in Landmine Detonations under a Vehicle

Horst, M.J. van der; Simms, Ciaran; Maasdam, R. van; Leerdam, P.J.C.

doi:10.1007/1-4020-3796-1_5

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As well as being costly, the materials of ATDs do not behave like human tissues and are not strain rate or stress state dependent [1,2]. As well as being costly, the materials of ATDs do not behave like human tissues and are not strain rate or stress state dependent [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic Compressive Properties of Passive Porcine Muscle Tissue

Pietsch

Wheatley

Donahue

et al. 2014

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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The body has approximately 434 muscles, which makes up 40-50% of the body by weight. Muscle is hierarchical in nature and organized in progressively larger units encased in connective tissue. Like many soft tissues, muscle has nonlinear visco-elastic behavior, but muscle also has unique characteristics of excitability and contractibility. Mechanical testing of muscle has been done for crash models, pressure sore models, back pain, and other disease models. The majority of previous biomechanical studies on muscle have been associated with tensile properties in the longitudinal direction as this is muscle's primary mode of operation under normal physiological conditions. Injury conditions, particularly high rate injuries, can expose muscle to multiple stress states. Compressive stresses can lead to tissue damage, which may not be reversible. In this study, we evaluate the structure-property relationships of porcine muscle tissue under compression, in both the transverse and longitudinal orientations at 0.1 s-1, 0.01 s-1, or 0.001 s-1. Our results show an initial toe region followed by an increase in stress for muscle in both the longitudinal and transverse directions tested to 50% strain. Strain rate dependency was also observed with the higher strain rates showing significantly more stress at 50% strain. Muscle in the transverse orientation was significantly stiffer than in the longitudinal orientation indicating anisotropy. The mean area of fibers in the longitudinal orientation shows an increasing mean fiber area and a decreasing mean fiber area in the transverse orientation. Data obtained in this study can help provide insight on how muscle injuries are caused, ranging from low energy strains to high rate blast events, and can also be used in developing computational injury models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic Compressive Properties of Passive Porcine Muscle Tissue

Pietsch

Wheatley

Donahue

et al. 2014

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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“…It should be noted that these critical steps have not been followed in previous lower leg studies although probability curves have been presented (Begeman and Aekbote, 1996; Funk et al, 2002; Yoganandan et al, 1996). From these perspectives, outcomes of human injury probability curves should be considered as robust and more appropriate in the current context of improving automotive safety, designing crash tests dummies and establishing human tolerance, and as a first step these curves can be used in other environments such as underbody blast loading for military applications as such events impart dynamic axial loads to the lower leg due to improvised explosive devices and landmines (Owens et al, 2007; Radonic et al, 2004; Van der Horst et al, 2005). This is one of the reasons for selecting the three distinct age groups to represent the younger military (25 years), commonly used automotive (45 years) and ageing populations (65 years) for future crashworthiness studies (Kuppa et al, 2003; Yoganandan et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Lower Leg Injury Probability Curves From Postmortem Human Subject Tests Under Axial Impacts

Yoganandan¹,

Arun²,

Pintar³

et al. 2014

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective Derive optimum injury probability curves to describe human tolerance of the lower leg using parametric survival analysis. Methods The study re-examined lower leg PMHS data from a large group of specimens. Briefly, axial loading experiments were conducted by impacting the plantar surface of the foot. Both injury and non-injury tests were included in the testing process. They were identified by pre- and posttest radiographic images and detailed dissection following the impact test. Fractures included injuries to the calcaneus and distal tibia-fibula complex (including pylon), representing severities at the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) level 2+. For the statistical analysis, peak force was chosen as the main explanatory variable and the age was chosen as the co-variable. Censoring statuses depended on experimental outcomes. Parameters from the parametric survival analysis were estimated using the maximum likelihood approach and the dfbetas statistic was used to identify overly influential samples. The best fit from the Weibull, log-normal and log-logistic distributions was based on the Akaike Information Criterion. Plus and minus 95% confidence intervals were obtained for the optimum injury probability distribution. The relative sizes of the interval were determined at predetermined risk levels. Quality indices were described at each of the selected probability levels. Results The mean age, stature and weight: 58.2 ± 15.1 years, 1.74 ± 0.08 m and 74.9 ± 13.8 kg. Excluding all overly influential tests resulted in the tightest confidence intervals. The Weibull distribution was the most optimum function compared to the other two distributions. A majority of quality indices were in the good category for this optimum distribution when results were extracted for 25-, 45- and 65-year-old at five, 25 and 50% risk levels age groups for lower leg fracture. For 25, 45 and 65 years, peak forces were 8.1, 6.5, and 5.1 kN at 5% risk; 9.6, 7.7, and 6.1 kN at 25% risk; and 10.4, 8.3, and 6.6 kN at 50% risk, respectively. Conclusions This study derived axial loading-induced injury risk curves based on survival analysis using peak force and specimen age; adopting different censoring schemes; considering overly influential samples in the analysis; and assessing the quality of the distribution at discrete probability levels. Because procedures used in the present survival analysis are accepted by international automotive communities, current optimum human injury probability distributions can be used at all risk levels with more confidence in future crashworthiness applications for automotive and other disciplines.

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“…The range of angles that could be tested was constrained by the testing equipment, and likely was less than those that would typically be relevant in frontal car crash testing. However, these do represent realistic leg postures of a mounted soldier, where the impact direction is from underneath the vehicle (van der Horst et al 2005). When simulating these postures the ankle was kept in a neutral posture with respect to the leg.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the motivation for this research stems from combat injuries, severe lower leg injuries can also occur in vehicle crashes. Accelerations during vehicle crashes are generally lower, and impact durations longer than in blast events, but injuries to the lower extremities are still a major concern (Bir et al 2006;van der Horst et al 2005). The tools and techniques developed in studying blast impacts can be applied to the study of car crashes.…”

Section: Vehicle Crashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These criteria have been developed mainly by subjecting cadaveric specimens to controlled impacts and cataloging the types of injuries the specimens sustained (e.g., Funk et al 2002). Lower limb injury criteria used with ATDs have been developed based on neutral postures of the leg and ankle, but the effect of initial ankle posture on measured forces and moments in the leg has been shown to significantly affect ATD behavior in blast loading and in vehicle accidents using computer simulations (van der Horst et al 2005), real world injury review (Lestina et al 1992), and cadaveric impacts . In real world accidents the posture of the leg is not controlled, and can assume any position within the normal range of motion.…”

Section: Introduction 1 11 Statement Of Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Force-Sensing Insole to Quantify Impact Loading to the Foot

Acharya

Tuyl

Lange

et al. 2018

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Lower leg injuries commonly occur in frontal automobile collisions, and are associated with high disability rates. Accurate methods to predict these injuries must be developed to facilitate the testing and improvement of vehicle safety systems. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are often used to assess injury risk by mimicking the behavior of the human body in a crash while recording data from sensors at discrete locations, which are then compared to established safety limits developed by cadaveric testing. Due to the difference in compliance of cadaveric and ATD legs, the force dissipating characteristics of footwear, and the lack of direct measurement of injury risk to the foot and ankle, a novel instrumented insole was developed that could be applied equally to all specimens both during injury limit generation and during safety evaluation tests. An array of piezoresistive sensors were calibrated over a range of speeds using a pneumatic impacting apparatus, and then applied to the insole of a boot. The boot was subsequently tested and compared to loads measured using ankle and toe load cells in an ATD, and found to have an average error of 10%. The sensors also provided useful information regarding the force distribution across the sole of the foot during an impact, which may be used to develop regional injury criteria. This work has furthered the understanding of lower leg injury prediction and developed a tool that may be useful in developing accurate injury criteria in the future for the foot and lower leg.

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Occupant Lower Leg Injury Assessment in Landmine Detonations under a Vehicle

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Anisotropic Compressive Properties of Passive Porcine Muscle Tissue

Anisotropic Compressive Properties of Passive Porcine Muscle Tissue

Optimized Lower Leg Injury Probability Curves From Postmortem Human Subject Tests Under Axial Impacts

A Force-Sensing Insole to Quantify Impact Loading to the Foot

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