Occupational exposure to particulate matter and endotoxin for California dairy workers

Garcia, Johnny; Bennett, Deborah H.; Tancredi, Daniel J.; Schenker, Marc B.; Mitchell, Diane C.; Reynolds, Stephen J.; Mitloehner, Frank M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.04.001

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…175 This recommendation was made in recognition of the consistently reported very low use of PPEs among livestock farmers, 75,92,128 and owing to the demonstrated effectiveness of these devices in reducing exposures and inflammatory responses among healthy wearing individuals. [176][177][178] The protection level offered by PPEs depends on the suitability of the selected equipment, its proper use, as well as the personal characteristics of the wearer, 179 and farmers are suggested to face difficulties and discomfort when using PPEs.…”

Section: General Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In total, results from 21 studies were included, all except one being part of the search results on personal levels of exposure. 26,95,100,[102][103][104]106,109,110,[112][113][114][118][119][120]123,[126][127][128][129][130] PERSONAL LEVELS OF EXPOSURE Of the 41 identified studies, 16 were on pig farmers, 16,[95][96][97]101,103,106,109,110,113,114,116,117,123,125,129 7 on poultry farmers 98,100,104,107,118,120,127 and 9 on cattle farmers, 90,92,94,99,105,…”

Section: Literature Review Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…128 Performance of re-bedding activities was the strongest predictor of exposure, leading to increases in dust and endotoxin concentrations between 90 and 160% in comparison with the levels during milking. However, production in such large dairies probably differs when compared with the much smaller and more enclosed European dairies, where workers tend to more frequently perform intermittent working tasks including outdoor working activities.…”

Section: Determinants Of Organic Dust and Endotoxin Exposure In Livesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This was true even when looking separately for studies on the inhalable and total particle size fractions, or when restricting the sample to studies with adequate methodological descriptions. 12,26,90,92,95,97,98,104,105,[113][114][115]117,[119][120][121][122][123]127,128 In addition, as recently discussed by Eduard et al, 61 the absence of standardization and reproducibility in measurement methods between studies affects the comparability of the results of epidemiological studies and, subsequently, also the establishment of legal OELs, especially in relation to endotoxin exposure.…”

Section: Exposure To Dust and Endotoxin In Livestock Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An assessment of the effect of potential determinants on exposure to organic dust was always included, whereas investigations on potential determinants for endotoxin were included in 15 studies. 26,95,100,104,106,[112][113][114][118][119][120]123,[128][129][130] Ten of the studies focused on pig farmers, 95,102,103,106,109,110,113,114,123,129 five on poultry farmers, 100,104,118,120,127 four on dairy farmers 119,126,128,130 and two included more than one type of farmers. 26,112 The basic design characteristics, the method of analysis and the main findings of the included studies are summarized in Table 4.…”

Section: Determinants Of Organic Dust and Endotoxin Exposure In Livesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A comprehensive review of levels and determinants of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin in livestock farming

Basinas

Sigsgaard

Kromhout

et al. 2013

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The respiratory health effects of livestock farming have been on debate for more than three decades. Endotoxin-contaminated organic dusts are considered as the most important respiratory hazards within livestock environments. A comprehensive review of the knowledge from studies assessing the exposure status of livestock farmers is still to be published. The present study reviews research published within the last 30 years on personal exposure of livestock farmers to organic dust and endotoxin, focusing on studies on pig, poultry and cattle farmers. Applied measurement methods and reported levels of personal exposure for the total, inhalable and respirable fractions are summarized and discussed, with emphasis on the intensity of exposure and the size and distribution of the reported exposure variability. In addition, available evidence on potential determinants of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin among these farmers are documented and discussed, taking results from exposure determinant studies using stationary sampling approaches into consideration. Research needs are addressed from an epidemiological and industrial hygiene perspective. Published studies have been heterogeneous in design, and applied methodologies and results were frequently inadequately reported. Despite these limitations and the presence of an enormous variability in personal exposure to dust and endotoxin, no clear downward trends in exposure with time were observed, suggesting that working environments within stables remains largely uncontrolled. Exposure control and prevention strategies for livestock farmers are urgently required. These should focus on the development of novel and improved methods of controlling dust and endotoxin exposure within stables based on the currently available knowledge on determinants of exposure.

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Section: General Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Review Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determinants Of Organic Dust and Endotoxin Exposure In Livesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Exposure To Dust and Endotoxin In Livestock Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determinants Of Organic Dust and Endotoxin Exposure In Livesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A comprehensive review of levels and determinants of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin in livestock farming

Basinas

Sigsgaard

Kromhout

et al. 2013

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Pulmonary function and airway inflammation among dairy parlor workers after exposure to inhalable aerosols

Nonnenmann

Gimeno

Levin

et al. 2017

American J Industrial Med

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An algorithm for quantitatively estimating occupational endotoxin exposure in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study: I. Development of task‐specific exposure levels from published data

Friesen

Xie

Sauvé

et al. 2023

American J Industrial Med

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Background/Objective: Farmers conduct numerous tasks with potential for endotoxin exposure. As a first step to characterize endotoxin exposure for farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) Study, we used published data to estimate task-specific endotoxin concentrations. Methods:We extracted published data on task-specific, personal, inhalable endotoxin concentrations for agricultural tasks queried in the study questionnaire.The data, usually abstracted as summary measures, were evaluated using metaregression models that weighted each geometric mean (GM, natural-log transformed) by the inverse of its within-study variance to obtain task-specific predicted GMs.Results: We extracted 90 endotoxin summary statistics from 26 studies for 9 animalrelated tasks, 30 summary statistics from 6 studies for 3 crop-related tasks, and 10 summary statistics from 5 studies for 4 stored grain-related tasks. Work in poultry and swine confinement facilities, grinding feed, veterinarian services, and cleaning grain bins had predicted GMs > 1000 EU/m 3 . In contrast, harvesting or hauling grain and other crop-related tasks had predicted GMs below 100 EU/m 3 .Significance: These task-specific endotoxin GMs demonstrated exposure variability across common agricultural tasks. These estimates will be used in conjunction with questionnaire responses on task duration to quantitatively estimate endotoxin exposure for study participants, described in a companion paper.

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Occupational exposure to particulate matter and endotoxin for California dairy workers

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

A comprehensive review of levels and determinants of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin in livestock farming

A comprehensive review of levels and determinants of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin in livestock farming

Pulmonary function and airway inflammation among dairy parlor workers after exposure to inhalable aerosols

An algorithm for quantitatively estimating occupational endotoxin exposure in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study: I. Development of task‐specific exposure levels from published data

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