Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap in Brazil: an empirical analysis

Abstract

Several countries experienced an increase in female labor participation during the twentieth century. Even so, few can be proud of the conditions female workers faced. This paper analyzes the occupational distribution by gender from 1978 to in 2007 in Brazil. It shows that women have penetrated traditionally male occupations to a certain extent, but that traditionally female occupations have maintained their gender composition over the past 30 years. We also provide a regression analysis with an Oaxaca decomposition that shows that the gender wage gap is lower than in 1978, but that it has remained constant over the last decade.

Shrinking gender wage gaps in the Brazilian labor market: an application of the APC approach

“…Labor market literature attests that men tend to earn more than women in similar occupations in Brazil and elsewhere (Camargo;Serrano, 1983;Barros et al, 2001;Arabsheibani;Carneiro;Henley, 2003;Leme;Madalozzo, 2010;Ñopo, 2012a,b;Weichselbaumer;Winter-Ebmer, 2003). The concentration of women in low-paid occupations and the existence of gender wage gaps have several plausible explanations, some of which we describe below.…”

“…Women's main reasons for doing so arise from housework and childcare responsibilities. Consequently, women accumulate less labor market experience than men do, and women tend to invest less in education and on-the-job training, as they anticipate shorter and more discontinuous work lives (Blau;Khan, 2000;Madalozzo, 2010).…”

Escolhas profissionais e impactos no diferencial salarial entre homens e mulheres

“…No Brasil, ainda é visível a segregação ocupacional por sexo (OLIVEIRA; WAJNMAN; MACHADO, 2003). Embora exista uma maior permeabilidade para as mulheres em carreiras consideradas masculinas (MADALOZZO, 2010;BRUSCHINI, 1999), ainda é raro encontrar homens atuando em profissões claramente femininas. Um dos mais importantes efeitos da existência de segregação ocupacional é o seu impacto nas diferentes remunerações recebidas por homens e mulheres ao longo de suas carreiras.…”

“…Estudos anteriores investigaram as diferenças salariais entre homens e mulheres controlando-os por suas ocupações (MADALOZZO, 2010;KASSOUF, 1998). Uma possibilidade -já abordada inicialmente por Madalozzo, Martins e Lico (2015) -é a análise separada dos hiatos salariais para cada uma das categorias de ocupação.…”

Variations in the Occupational Structure and Gender Segregation in India and the States: Analysis Based on Census of India 2001 and 2011

“…Occupational gender segregation increased gender earnings' inequality by increasing men's earnings significantly and decreasing women's earnings to a smaller degree. Occupational segregation has positive effects on women particularly in terms of social positioning [9][10][11].…”