Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strains Isolated from Mares with Fertility Problems

Nocera, Francesca Paola; D’Eletto, Elena; Ambrosio, Monica; Fiorito, Filomena; Pagnini, Ugo; Martino, Luisa De

doi:10.3390/antibiotics11010025

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Due to an increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant uterine pathogens (32)(33)(34) and the lack of adequate novel antibiotic drugs in equine medicine, non-traditional treatment options have gained interest in the past years (15). Among others, intrauterine administration of ozone has been reported as a valuable treatment option by practitioners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice

Köhne

Hofbauer²,

Böttcher³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Bacterial endometritis is one of the major problems in equine reproduction and usually treated with antimicrobial drugs. The study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine ozone application and systemic antibiotic treatment (trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine) on intrauterine bacterial growth and possible side effects on the endometrium in a clinical setting. Mares (n = 30) with signs of endometritis (positive uterine bacterial culture and cytological findings) were assigned randomly to different treatments: intrauterine insufflation of an ozone-air-mix (240 ml, 80 μg ozone/ml) twice at a 48 h-interval (Ozone; n = 10), systemic antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine (30 mg/kg, p.o., twice daily) for 5 days (TMS; n = 10), or intrauterine insufflation of air (240 ml, sterile-filtered) twice at a 48 h-interval (air; n = 10). Endometrial biopsy for histological examination was obtained before the treatment. Histological examination revealed no differences among groups. A control examination, including transrectal ultrasound, bacterial culture, cytological evaluation, and biopsy, was performed 7 days after the last treatment. Overall bacterial growth was reduced in every group after the treatment (p < 0.05), irrespective of the therapy [Ozone: 4/9 (positive culture after treatment/number of mares), TMS: 3/10 and Air: 6/10; p > 0.05]. However, Ozone and TMS (p < 0.05) were more effective in reducing growth of gram-negative bacteria as compared to Air (p > 0.05). No effects on the number of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (cytology) were observed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine and intrauterine ozone insufflation are safe treatment options for bacterial endometritis in mares but the efficacy of both treatments in reducing bacterial growth did not result in a complete absence of intrauterine bacterial growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice

Köhne

Hofbauer²,

Böttcher³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Treatment with antibiotics requires evidence of bacterial infection by clinical signs, a positive bacterial culture plus an antimicrobial sensitivity test (Nocera et al, 2021). In mares, identification of the infectious agent is, perhaps, not always consistent with cytological evidence of inflammation (Davis et al, 2013).…”

Section: Therapy—with Some Emphasis On Nonantibiotic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review

Pascottini

Aurich

Grahofer

2023

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Endometritis is a leading cause of sub‐ and infertility in domestic animal species. The healthy uterus is colonized by commensal bacteria, viruses and yeast/fungi that represent the nonpathogenic microbiota. A shift in the number or type of organisms accompanied by immune dysfunction, however, may trigger uterine infection and inflammation. Metritis is associated with inflammation of all uterine layers (endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium), whereas endometritis is a more superficial inflammation involving solely the endometrium. Endometritis generally occurs at two time points in domestic animal species, postpartum and postmating. Postpartum endometritis may chronically persist, either as a low‐grade disease that often manifests as a vaginal discharge but not a systemic illness (in some species termed clinical endometritis) or sometimes subclinical where features are only detected by endometrial sampling. Contamination of the uterus at the time of mating occurs by direct deposition of semen (ejaculated or artificially inseminated) into the uterus. Improper drainage of the ejaculatory fluid or an inadequate immune response may result in persistent mating‐induced endometritis. Both postpartum and postmating endometritis interferes with fertility by creating a suboptimal environment for embryo development and placentation, and chronic endometritis may have an impact on sperm survival and fertilization ability. In the postpartum animal, there may also be changes in milk production and maternal behaviour, which can affect offspring health and survival. Preventive strategies for endometritis largely depend on monitoring their known risk factors, which are sometimes specific with regard to the species. Effective, nonantibiotic therapy for endometritis is not available to date. Overall, extensive research has been performed in cattle and horses to unravel key aspects of endometritis, but in sows and bitches, the available literature is scant. Thus, the need and opportunity to investigate the condition vary considerably among domestic species and necessitate their comparative assessment. This article reviews general and comparative aspects of the diagnosis and classification, pathogenesis, preventive strategies and therapeutics of endometritis in domestic species with a specific focus on cows, mares, sows and bitches.

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“…Nevertheless, S. aureus can be detected in dogs and cats as well (approximately 20%), especially those living with their human counterparts [1]. In addition, the presence of S. pseudintermedius in people who come into contact with animals carrying S. pseudintermedius should not be overlooked, especially given the possibility of misidentifying S. pseudintermedius as S. aureus or S. intermedius [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and multidrug-resistant profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs, cats, and pet owners in Malaysia

et al. 2023

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Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are widespread skin and mucous membrane colonizers and may cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals. This study aimed to identify and characterize methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates from domestic and stray dogs and cats and pet owners in Malaysia using molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial profiling. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and fifty oral and nasal swabs were taken from pet and stray dogs and cats and pet owners; all samples were subjected to culture and biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction; the selected isolates were put through disk diffusion test and multilocus sequence typing. Results: One S. aureus isolate and three S. pseudintermedius isolates were identified as MRSA and MRSP, respectively, of which the MRSA isolate and one of the MRSP isolates showed multidrug resistance and the remaining two MRSP isolates were resistant to one or two antimicrobials. Multilocus sequence typing showed that the MRSA isolate belongs to clonal complex (CC) 789, while for the MRSP isolates, two were in CC45 and one was a singleton. Conclusion: This study is the first study in Malaysia to perform molecular characterization of MRSP isolated from pet dogs and cats and pet owners. The outcomes of this study reveal that even healthy pet dogs and cats and their owners can be carriers of drug-resistant staphylococci, highlighting the role of pets and pet owners as carriers of MRSA and MRSP in Malaysia. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, methicillin resistance, multilocus sequence typing, public health, zoonotic infections.

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Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strains Isolated from Mares with Fertility Problems

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice

Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice

General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review

Prevalence and multidrug-resistant profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs, cats, and pet owners in Malaysia

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