Occurrence and risks of microplastics in the ecosystems of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Abstract

The ubiquitous nature of microplastics (MPs) in nature and the risks they pose on the environment and human health have led to an increased research interest in the topic. Despite being an area of high plastic production and consumption, studies on MPs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been limited. However, the region witnessed a research surge in 2021 attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, a total of 97 studies were analyzed based on their environmental compartments (marine, freshwater, air, and terrestrial) and matrices (sediments, water columns, biota, soil, etc.). Then, the MP concentrations and polymer types were utilized to conduct a risk assessment to provide a critical analysis of the data. The highest MP concentrations recorded in the marine water column and sediments were in the Mediterranean Sea in Tunisia with 400 items/m 3 and 7960 items/kg of sediments, respectively. The number of MPs in biota ranged between 0 and 7525 per individual across all the aquatic compartments. For the air compartment, a school classroom had 56,000 items/g of dust in Iran due to the confined space. Very high risks in the sediment samples ( Er i > 1500) were recorded in the Caspian Sea and Arab/Persian Gulf due to their closed or semi-closed nature that promotes sedimentation. The risk factors obtained are sensitive to the reference concentration which calls for the development of more reliable risk assessment approaches. Finally, more studies are needed in understudied MENA environmental compartments such as groundwater, deserts, and estuaries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-023-27029-7.

Cotton buds: The new villain of the marine litter story in the coastal lagoon

“…The categorization based on the Ecological Risk Index ( i r E ) occurs as follows: than 320 present a high potential ecological risk (Category IV), and an i r E value of 320 or higher signifies a very high potential ecological risk (Category V) (Malli et al, 2023). Consequently, Categories I and II can be classified as friendly, while Categories III, IV, and V are categorized as unfriendly regarding potential ecological risk (Li et al, 2021).…”