Occurrence, environmental implications and risk assessment of Bisphenol A in association with colloidal particles in an urban tropical river in Malaysia

Abstract

Phase distribution of emerging organic contaminants is highly influential in their presence, fate and transport in surface water. Therefore, it is crucial to determine their state, partitioning behaviour and tendencies in water environments. In this study, Bisphenol A was investigated in both colloidal and soluble phases in water. BPA concentrations ranged between 1.13 and 5.52 ng L−1 in the soluble phase and n.d-2.06 ng L−1 in the colloidal phase, respectively. BPA was dominant in the soluble phase, however, the colloidal contribution ranged between 0 and 24% which implied that colloids can play a significant role in controlling BPA’s transportation in water. Urban and industrial areas were the main sources of BPA while forest areas displayed lower levels outside the populated domains. pH levels were between 6.3 and 7.4 which might have affected BPA’s solubility in water to some extent. The particle size distribution showed that the majority of the particles in river samples were smaller than 1.8 µm in diameter with a small presence of nanoparticles. Zeta potential varied between − 25 and − 18 mV, and these negative values suggested instability of particles. Furthermore, BPA was positively correlated with BOD, COD and NH3–N which might indicate that these organic compounds were released concurrently with BPA. RQ assessment showed low levels of risk towards algae and fish in the study area.

Can Antioxidants Reduce the Toxicity of Bisphenol?

“…It is also present in river sediments from rivers that are located in heavily urbanized areas [ 21 , 22 ]. Since BPA is present in waters, both fresh and salty [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], it is also absorbed by the organisms that are living in them. BPA is usually toxic to aquatic organisms [ 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Occurrence And Seasonal Disparity Of Emerging Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals In A Drinking Water Supply System And Associated Health Risk

“…Furthermore, Arnold et al (2013) reported 0.099 µg/L, 0.014 µg/L, and 0.317 µg/Lconcentrations for North America, Europe, and Asia, respectively. Among the phenolic compounds, BPA is the most reported chemical in surface water around the world [37][38][39] . The average concentration of BPA in the Ganga River was found to be 0.04-4.46 µg/L 40 .…”

Ag3PO4Nanoparticles-Decorated Melamine–Formaldehyde Polymer Nanocomposite as a Catalyst for the Photodegradation of Bisphenol A and its Antibacterial Activity

“…Emerging contaminants (ECs) include substances that are found in medications, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors (EDs), antibiotics, and mycotoxins . ECs, even at a low concentration, have the potential to cause severe environmental toxicity. , Among the many ECs, EDs are hazardous substances that can disrupt the endocrine system of humans and animals and have toxic effects . In general, EDs are classified into 5 groups on the basis of their chemical structures with characteristic functional groups and pharmacological effects, such as plasticizers (bisphenols and phthalates), hormones and steroids containing phenolic hydroxyl/carbonyl groups, additives of personal care products (phenones and parabens), pesticides and herbicides, and other organic pollutants. ,, Among them, bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known ED that is widely used in manufacturing industries, packaging of food and beverages industries, , medical devices, dental sealants, etc.…”